were the first to dream, and are thus placed on an intel- 

 lectual level with a child of five or six months. The 

 emotional development coincides with the intellectual, 

 just as in the case of the infant, for we find fear mani- 

 festing itself among the lower molluscs, pugnacity among 

 the crustaceans, play among spiders and crabs, anger 

 among reptiles, and emulation, jealousy, joy, and grief 

 among birds. We now rise in the palseontological scale 

 to the Tertiary period, and find in the Eocene age equine 

 and other mammal forms, such as cats and pigs, which 

 are capable of understanding words and signs, and among 

 which we notice a manifestation of sympathy, curiosity, 

 revenge, and gratitude. In the early Meiocene age we 

 have monkeys, dogs, and elephants exhibiting the clearest 

 signs of true reason, as may be observed at the present 

 day, and at the same time manifesting such emotional 

 signs as pride, shame, deceitfulness, passionateness, 

 cruelty, and ludicrousness, which places them on an in- 

 tellectual par with the infant of less than a year old. 



In the later Meiocene age we have anthropoid apes, 

 which may be placed on a level with one-year-old infants, 

 and from which evolved apes of a higher order, which 

 acquired the faculty of articulation, and, afterwards 

 becoming more human, the knowledge of the use of 

 simple instruments, thus reaching the intellectual level of 

 the child of fifteen months old. As the apes became 

 more and more human in the later Meiocene and early 

 Pleistocene ages, they gradually acquired the faculty of 

 acting in concert and of speech ; and when, having 

 arrived at that stage of development in which they 

 partook more of the character of savage man than human 

 ape, judgment, recollection, self-consciousness, and, 

 lastly, definite morality manifested themselves, thus 

 raising the ape-like man to the level of the child of two 

 and a half years. In the lowest savages of to-day, as 

 well as in the old descendants of the ape-like men, super- 

 stition developed to a large extent at the same time that 

 the emotional unfolding proceeded in the direction of 

 avarice, envy, hate, hope, vanity, mirth, a love of the 

 beautiful, and afterwards art appreciation, awe, reverence, 

 remorse, courtesy, melancholy, and ecstacy, precisely as 

 with the child of from five to ten years of age. As the 



