roads in their thousands, rending the air with their piteous 

 cries, the Christian Spaniards being forbidden to render 

 assistance under penalty of torture. The consequence 

 was that hundreds and thousands of men, women, and 

 children died by the wayside from hunger, thirst, and 

 fatigue. In 1502 a further order was issued at Seville 

 for the Spaniards to drive out of their country every 

 Infidel they could hear of, no matter what the nationality 

 might be. The Moors were particularly indicated in the 

 document, one clause stating that it was justifiable to 

 kill Mohammedans on account of their shameless infi- 

 delity. The consequence was that, in a marvellously 

 short space of time, there was not a Mohammedan to be 

 found on the European side of the Straits of Gibraltar. 

 In spite of the precautions made use of by the Christians 

 for the prevention of the study of philosophy and the 

 acquirement of knowledge, the news of the discovery of 

 America by Columbus, in 1492, very soon found its way 

 all over Europe, producing the most intense sensation, 

 for the discovery came as a terrific blow to the Church 

 and its inspired Bible. To make matters worse, in 1522 

 Magellan sailed completely round the world, thus demon 

 strating conclusively that the earth was a globe. 



Matters appeared to be going wrong with the Church, 

 in spite of the recent bloody triumphs of the Inquisition ; 

 and the clergy and laity were not slow to notice the turn 

 events were taking. Martin Luther, a young Augustinian 

 monk, in particular, took advantage of the unsettled state 

 of the mind of Europe to make a furious onslaught against 

 the Pope and the Church. Having been told by Cajetan 

 that he must " believe that one single drop of Christ's 

 blood is sufficient to redeem the whole human race, and 

 the remaining quantity that was shed in the garden and 

 on the cross was left as a legacy to the Pope, to be a 

 treasure from which indulgences were to be drawn," this 

 young priest declared he never would accept such a 

 doctrine, and commenced forthwith to preach openly 

 against the sale of indulgences, declaring that the Church 

 must stand or fall on the Bible, which taught no such 

 doctrine. The orthodox clergy, on the contrary, declared 

 that the Bible derived its authority from the Church, and 

 not the Church from the Bible, and demanded that Luther 



