Vol. VII.— No. 1. 



AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 



error, and that all bark of the root is equally soft, 

 and that it is only the natural instinct which cau- 

 ses the insect to commence at that place. The 

 fgg, thus lodged in the wood of the tree, is there 

 hatched and becomes a worm, which feeds upon 

 the tender wood and bark; and effectually destroys 

 the tree. My method of prevention is this : 



Early in tlie month of July, with a hoe I clean 

 away the e;irth from about my trees, in size and 

 in shape like a common wasii bowl. The exca- 

 vation being- about throe inches deep next the 

 tree, and six or eight in diameter. I then fill up 

 tlic hollow with common wood ashes, and raise 

 an embankment about the tree, also about the size 

 of a connnon wash basin inverted ; and have nev- 

 er yet known the insect to penetrate this embank- 

 ment of ashes to the injury of my trees. I have 

 never discovered any hijury to result from the 

 caustic nature of the ashes, and always take the 

 precaution in the fall, say October, to retnove the 

 ashes and mix them with the surrounding earth, 

 drawing up fresh earth to the tree to stii)ply the 

 place of the ashes. If any of your correspondents 

 to whom this process is unknown, should be in- 

 duced to try this experiment and should succeed, 

 if they are as fond of a basket of fine Old Mixtons 

 as I am, they will be obliged to me ; if unsuccess- 

 ful, I shall not have given them much trouble. 



I have heard and read of various remedies for 

 preventing the injury spoken of, but do not believe 

 that any of them will prove efficacious, except the 

 application of some substance to the tree just be- 

 low the surface, wiiich will prevent the approach 

 of the fly or insect. I have often thought that 

 lime in its powdered state, would be more effica- 

 cious than ashes ; but as the ashes have never 

 failed me, I have never tried the experiment. I ^ 

 have known it recommended to remove the eaith 

 from the tree, so that the frosts might have full 

 effect. This, however, will do no good, as the 

 injury, or rather the seeds of it, are lodged in it 

 before the frosts commence, and are not injured 

 or destroyed by it. I have knowh the earth re- 

 moved, and tobacco stems and other offal from 

 the tobacconists, applied with success. Asfies, 

 however, are less trouble and more certain. In 

 the summer I give my trees a thick coat of wash ; 

 a mixture of cow-dung, urine, soap-suds, ashes and 

 lime. I do not know that it is of service in pre- 

 venting the injury I speak of, but have often 

 thought it did ; preventing by its disagreeable na- 

 ture, the approach of the fiy to any part of the 

 tree. It is of essential service to ihe general 

 health of the tree by destroying worms and in- 

 sects, which are prevented from depositing their 

 eggs in the bark. If you think the above worthy 

 a place in your columns, it is at your service. 

 Dayton, Ohio, June 24, 1828. H. B. 



sometimes burned it in their lamps at their altars. 

 In our English translation of the Bible, the word 

 butter is used in Genesis xviii. S ; Deut. xxii. 14 ; 

 Judges V. 2a ; 2 Sam. xxii. 29; Job. x.x. 17, juid 

 xxix. (> ; Isaiah vii. 15 ; and Prov. xxx. 33 Bibli- 

 cal critics agree that in all these passages, the He- 

 brew ^vordtran^lated butter signifies sour thick niilk 

 or cream — The passage in Proverbs might have 

 been Iranslated " The pressing of the niiiker bring- 

 eth fiirtli milk." Jahn says " anciently butter was 

 not much used, but instead of it oil of olives. In 



the Bible there is no mention Tnade of bulter." 



He rrmtsrks that what in some translations is ren- 

 dered butter, was used as a drink, and must have 

 been milk in some shape or other. At the pres- 

 ent day, there is but little butter used in countries 

 where the olive grows. Olive oil supplies its pur- 

 Jioses. A late traveller in Italy, Rev. J. J. Blunt, 

 saj s butter is not to be met with iji those jiarts' of 

 Italy not much frequented by travellers, and in 

 SiciJy, he did not find it in a single place, except- 

 ing the cities of Palermo and Messina. 



The cream of the milk of the goat, ewe, ass, buf- 

 faloe, rein-deer, and cow yield butter; but "no 

 leng.tli of churning," says the N. E. Encyclopedia, 

 " wijl produce it from the cream of wom'aifs milk, 

 or of mare's milk." 



The vessels used by the ancient barbarians in 

 ninking butter, were not veiy different from mod- 

 ern churns. In the northern parts of Africa, in 

 Egypt, and Arabia, they churn by putting the 

 cream into a goat's skin, and pressing it to and fro. 

 Sometimes they place it on an inclined plane, .-ind 

 keep it rolling from the top to the bottom. This 

 method soon produces butter. An English trav- 

 eller in Greece, observed them treading the goat 

 'skinsifilled with cream, with their feet. In Ben- 

 gal, they churn by turning a stick in the milk, and 

 in this way, families have fresh butter every morn- 

 ing. 



' Butter, it is said, may be got by agitating railk 

 as drawn from the cow, in greater quantity than 

 from the cream of the same milk. Even whey by 

 churning yields butter. In Scotland, 14 gallon 

 of whey are said to afford one pound of butter. 



8 



From tlie Hampshire Gazette. 



BUTTER. 



Butter was not used for food by the ancient 

 Jew.s, Greeks and Romans. The invention of this 

 article is ascribed to those barbarous nations, the 

 ancient Scythians, Germans and Britons, and from 

 them the Greeks and Romans derived their lirst 

 acquaintance with it, about the time of the Christ- 

 ian era. After learning its nature, they made use 

 of It only as an ointment, and in medicine, and 

 their agricultural writers take no notice of it.— 

 The ancient butter appears to have been liquid, 

 and was poured out lilre oD, and the Christians 



HAY MAKING. 



As the season for making hay has arrived, I 

 Iwish to say something upon what I have found, 

 from experience, the best manner of saving it, be- 

 j cause I consider one ton of good hay of as much 

 value for feeding a stock of cattle, as two tons of 

 poor. 



It should be an invariable rule to cock up in the 

 afternoon, all the grass which has been cut in the 

 forenoon, and not open it again until the heat of a 

 meridian sun has exhausted the dew and made 

 the earth hot the next day, and then it need not 

 be spread very thin. The best way is to turn the 

 cocks directly over and loosen them a httle, so that 

 the sun and wind can penetrate through them, and 

 then before the dew falls put them back in their 

 original position. The next day the weather be- 

 ing good, serve it in the same manner, as soon as 

 the dew is off, and you will find, after it has been 

 open to the sun a short time, it will be sufficiently 

 ! made to be taken into the barn, and that it has re- 

 tained its original green color, looks nearly as 

 bright as it was before mowing, has a rich ])er- 

 fume and will weigh more, as weU as support 



more stock, and bring a better price in market. 



It may be that a longer time will be necessary for 

 I curing clover, when mowed green and the crop 



large. If that is true, the same mode must be 

 pursued to have it good, at least it must be pro- 

 tected Ironi the dew. Let clover once be soaked 

 with a heavy dew, after it has been wilted by the 

 sun, and it is of but httle value ; the leaves drop, 

 change color, and are lost, the stock becomes 

 l»rown and tasteless ; indeed, it will hardly com- 

 pensate the farmer for his labor of taking it to his 

 barn ; but Eccured from the dews and made by the 

 wind and .sun, it will he good hay, even a richness 

 will be retained in the stocks, so that catrle or 

 holies will consume the whole. In seasons of 

 showers, you have the only security which is pos- 

 sible, by having your hay in cock, which, done as 

 it ought to be, prevents it ft-om receiving much 

 damage ; whereas showers upon hay, half made, 

 and spread on tiie ground, nearly ruin it. 



A small quantity of salt put on otir hay, which 

 is early cut, is of great utihty ; it preserves the lia\ 

 and is healthful (or the cattle. 



j Our soil is good for grazing ; cattle and beef 

 are one of our >taple exports; that our stock should 

 be well wintered is of great importance, because 

 it is always easy to make good beef from cattle of 

 any description, whicli have been well wintered, 

 and are in good order in the spring. Every farm- 

 er, therefore, who wishes to make money by his 

 business, cannot pay too much attention to have 

 his hay good, and his stock well tended, for there- 

 by wealth will come to him. 



Should it be objected, that to make hay in this 

 manner, the hay makers would be out of employ 

 towards the close of the day, the answer is, that 

 having secured what has been cut in the morning, 

 the mowers may proceed to cut the grass, because 

 it ceases to wilt after the dew-fall, and conse- 

 quently is not injured by lying open on the groimd 

 having never been wilted by the sun. 



Could we but learn to make our hay as it should 

 be, and abuse our working oxen less ; not make 

 them work 'excessively hard all day, and, at the 

 same time, be continually branding them with a 

 sharp iron, because they can do no more than 

 their strength permits, wc should find many more 

 dollars in the pockets of our farmers, and the 

 value of our stock nearly doubled. — Maine Patriot 



How to dear a House of Cockroaches Messrs. 



Editors,— Having been greatly annoyed by the 

 noctural visits of these insects which appear to be 

 equally in want of food and clothing—some of my 

 family applied a remedy which succeeded so 

 well, that I am inclined to mention it for the ben- 

 efit of those to whom it is not already known. 



Into a connnon bowl was put a gill or two of 

 water, and made sweet with molasses. As the 

 family were about to retire, this was set upon the 

 kitchen hearth under and about which seemed to 

 be their favorite resort. Several sjjiinters were 

 placed, one end on the hearth, in order to provide 

 a passage to the water. The first night about 20 

 were taken ; the second, more than one hundred ; 

 the third, about fifty ; the fourth, about twenty ;— 

 the fifth, seven ; which, I believe has very nearly 

 cleared my house of the nuisance. This remedj 

 is .so simple, and at the same time so effectual, that 

 hereafter no family need be troubled with cock- 

 roaches, unless they choose Col. Reg. 



[It might be well to add here, that this should 

 serve as a caution against drinking water, or any 

 liquid in the dark, as the same kind of weather, 

 which makes people most thirsty, also makes in- 

 sects the most plentiftij and troublesome.] 



