iOS 



NEW ENGLAND FAFtMEll, 



Oct. 21, 1828, 



EXTRACTS I for tlie purpose of tillage seems but lately to have 



JVom ail "Adhress" deliverej before iho Rhode Island Socie- ^ bocoiiie uii object of iiiucli interest in this State, 

 ty for the Eiicoiirngemcnt of Domestic LidLisliy. By Jusicpn 

 1,. Tii.LixcHusr. 



There is no truth more satisfactorily establish 

 eil than that every scheme of tillage, to be sue 

 cc.ssfui, nmst be calculateil for a co«-5e of years 

 for 



Its rising consequence was announced by that 

 clamorous, but faithful chronicler of the feelings 

 and pursuits of tlie times, a law suit. 



Many of our most favorable situations for high 

 ulturc might be improved by a provision to with- 



not tor a single year. Every farm, therefore, hold or impart moisture. The remark suggests 

 which is not to be cultivated by the proprietor, j to my mind that delightful settlement in the viciu- 

 should be let upon a long lease, with provisions ! ity of Greenwich, named from the French Pro- 

 as to rents and renewals at stated (leriods, co- testants who fled from the face of Louis XIV. and 

 iaciding with the increasing value. The adoirtion 

 of such leases was the tirst step taken by the Eng- 

 lish and Scotch proprietors in their signal march 

 of improvement. Every farm let yearly, to sue- 



here planted another city of refuge, another me- 

 morial of persecution. It is refreshing to the eye, 

 and to tiie spirit, to look upon that valley in the 



verdure and loveliness of its summer countenance 

 essive tenants, is abandoned to inevitable depre- especially when in a dry season, it seems a green 



ciation. No jilan is followed out, and each new | Oasis amidst a parched and burning region. But 

 tenant, like the philosophers swarm of flies, comes j this dry season seems necessary for its greatest 

 more hungry than the last, to exhaust the lieart : fertility. It suflers in the wet. Should each pro- 

 of his victim. Ilirictor rim a trench across that portion of his 



It is also a truth that the first fruits of cap- | farm, which begins to ascend the highland, the 

 ilal derived from culture should be re-absorbed i too abundant moisture would thus be retained 

 m culture, and are more profitablv invested in the 'from the vvhrjle circumstanced basin below, and 

 same than in additional acres. The ambition of might yet be imparted to it at pleasure. The 

 adding farm to farm, and owning all the adjiiining j strata through which water, collected in the high- 

 lands, has made many a poor and embarrassed er regions, passes down from the summits and 

 large land-holder who might Iiave been the opu- 1 sides of hills, have been exeinphfied by thrusting 

 lent light-hcartn.l lord of his first small territory. ; a blunt instrument upwards through several folds 

 AVhile you have a new field unsubdued, an old |of payier, by which the undermost fold is made to 

 one nnbrckcn, a bush pasture uncleaned, a we(iappear above the surrounding edges of the other 

 meadow undrained, a water-course unappropriat- i broken folds, and becomes the summit. Between 

 ed, waste that should be plantation or arable, ara- j each successive layer, thus formed, water will en- 

 hle that should be orchard and fruit garden, sand ter and descend, and if received in a trough run- 

 unconverted into loam, gravel that requires clay,' ning round the bottom, may be conducted whith- 

 or a square foot of either on which you return er you will. 



l':ss iu luanurc than you take in crop ; while voiir i When the proprietor has not the command of 

 sheep look for the turnio patches and cannot fi.nd i the sources of the water he must sink the drain 

 tiieni ; your cattle smell for the clover, rye grass, in the low wet soil. j 



and sanfoin, and cannot find them — your work- j The subject of ilraining is a science by itself — 

 men search for the imjiroved presses, ploughs and volumes have been written on the modes of form- 

 liarrows, the scarifiers, rollers and drills, and can- ii!g these subterranenn conductors, as essential to j merce, in manufactures, and in other branches of 

 not find them. So long as your liai-n-yard is too some soils as arteries and veins to the animal j labor, that ornamental gardening will neither re- 

 wet or cohl, or your barn wants size and ventila- I'rame. The stone dram is the most durable, but , trogade nor remain stationary, 

 rion — so long as your fences let in the unrulv when once obstructed the earth consolidates about Our nursery establishments are increasing in 

 animal, and the more vexatious quarrel, be assui- the stones, aril their hardness and innnobility i number, respectabilit}, and patronage. Selections 

 ed that you have claims ui)on your cauital and are then a disadvantage. Wood and brush, with ; of native fruits are made with better judgment 

 ~co])e for its most useful employnie!it at home. , straw, make larger ca\ities and as the wood gra- i and more care than they formerly were. Most 



Good enclosures nuist jirecede tillaire ; perhaps dually perishes the ducts are enlarged or new j of the esteemed Europetn varieties have been ad- 

 ihe b'est for us is the stone wall. The hnnuty, ! ones formed for fillraticn. The cheap mode prac- Ided to our catalogues. The cultivation of iudi- 

 the fragrance, and the perfect fence of the thorn tised with the aid of the draining wheel, which genous forest trees and shrubs, esteemed for utility 

 hedge, are purchased by twelve years of care and will eft'ectnally trench twelve acres in a day, is j or as ornaiuental, has been extending; and the 

 expense upon tl.e growth, and continual diligence worth attention. That sinii)lest of all draining, .study of botany is becoming more general, as wc\l 

 in clearing and catting. After enclosure, and ' the single deep furrow of the plough, with the sod ;for practical uses, as on account of the high Intel- 

 fhtlter, the operations of tillage, seem to proceed ' pared iqion the inner .side and restored to its na- Jectual gratification which it affords to the mau of 

 upon three simple principles. The soil is to he , tural situatiou, is in the power of every husband- 'leisure or of opulence. 



iuade dry, and kept clean, and rich. I^ands, by i man. I My personal ac(|uaintance with .American nur- 



nature too wet and seemingly comlemneil liv I ., , , 7^ , _ , .. ■_ _ „ ,.,,....,„,,„ iseries docs not enable me to describe theni 



eminent, and the habits of the people, have in a 

 measure tended to retard improvement in these 

 higher branches. Most men are ambitious of pop- 

 ular lavor ; and here, where all are upon a poli- 

 tical equality, whatever savors of singular osten-- 

 talion or extravagance rather begets bad than 

 good feelings. The Tartar conquerors conciliat- 

 ed the Chinese, by conforming to the laws and 

 customs of those whom they had conquered. But 

 the greatest obstacle to improvement has been 

 the want of prominent examples. There have 

 been no royal gardens, no horticultural gardens, 

 no botanical gardens (but in name), no public gar- 

 dens, to stimulate and instruct those who might 

 wish to cultivate taste, or acquire kno\\'ledge, in 

 this branch of rural improvement. Respectable 

 private gardens were occasionally found in the 

 neighborhood of large towns ; but their number 

 was too small, and the access to them too hmited, 

 to produce much influence towards general im- 

 provement. Four or five public nurseries are all 

 that are recollected of any note, which existed in 

 the States in 1810, and these were by no means 

 profitable establishments. 



About the year 1815, a spirit of improvement iu 

 horticulture, as well as agriculture, began to per- 

 vade the country, and the sphere of its influence 

 has been enlarging, and the force of example in- 

 creasing, down to the present time. Th;s spirit 

 has been fostered and greatly increased, by valit- 

 able periodical publications devoted to these bran- 

 ches of industry, by the munificence of State gov- 

 ernments, by numerous associations of practical 

 and scientific individuals, and by the example and 

 publications of Great Britain ; and among the lat- 

 ter. Sir, your Encyclojiedias and Magazine have 

 been particularly beneficial. And we have au 

 assurance, in the skill, perseverance, and vigor, 

 with which our people are pushing in;provements 

 in navigation, in the facilities of internal coin- 



From Loudon's Gardener's Maijyzinc. [ London 1 for.\ug. ISiSj 

 jufti lecoived at ilie iSi. E. Fanner office. 



that circumstance to perpetual sterility, become 



the most fertile when properly dried by art ; the [ — 



operation of 'which must often be carried into the ', Or. the Horticulture of the United States of America 



By Jesse Bdel, Es(j. C.M.H.S. 



subsoil. If the supcrliuous moisture is but tempo- 

 rary, it must yet be removed before ploughing, 

 "'o said Columella, Palladius, and I'iiny. of old — 

 mA c.Nperiencc justifies tlie preceiit. By renuer- 

 uig tiie soil dry, it is made susccjitible of all the 

 benefits which water, descending in the s'lowcr 

 or turued on in the flowinK stream, can impart. 



Horticulture received but little attention in the i 

 Ifnitcd States, until quite a recent period ; and 

 with occasional exceptions, was limited to the cul 

 ture of coinmon culiuarv vegetables and fruit. A 



partic- 

 ularly. I shall, therefore, barely enumerate the 

 most distinguished, with the view of aftbrding to 

 your readers useful memoranda, in the event of 

 their wishing to procure American trees, plants, 

 or seeds. 



The hinacean Garden, at Flushing, is the oldest, 

 and probably the most extensive, nursery estab- 

 lishment in America. This nursery lias been al- 



, . ■ .1 r .,_;„ . 'eadv noticed in vour rilasazine, in the commui 



voung iieonle must earn the means of procuring ^ . J , , •' . '^ ,. • ■ ,, 



■, , . ' ,1 . ri .■ u ,..„! ... 14,, . <ations and advertisements ot its proprietor, Mr 



the luxuries and elegancies of horticultural rehne- i i > 



Water percolating the porous soil in summer is its j ,„put^be,-„,.B ,hey can enjoy them. The M'ants 



Irince. 



bread of life, spread over its nakcciiit-ss in winter, 

 is its protecting raiment ; but incumbering it with 

 a cold cliugiug embrace throughout the year, is 

 deadly suffocation. 



The iu!|)ort^i;;ce of a control over water courses 



and necessities of a new country aj'e generally too 



imperious to leave much time, or to aftbrd ade- 



quate means, tor indulging extensively iu the orn- I'-opnetors are practica 



...,ental and .scientific departments of gardening ; ^reputation tor great accuracy and th« fine con 



BlooJgood's JWirsery, at Flushing, is principally 

 ifvoted to the propagation of fruit trees. Tin- 

 men, and have acquired 



and perhaps the republican pnnciples of the gov- 



tition of their trees. 



