Vol.VII.— N...21. 



AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 



163 



new shoots ? This is, however, the operation 

 which we require of the spring transpluntation, 

 and which is the real cause of the feeble vegeta- 

 tion tliat attciuls the first teason after the removal. 

 But tlie autumnal planting ofters a more fuvorahle 

 result ; because the roots not only become firmly 

 fixed in their position, but put forth before the se- 

 vere frosts, numerous small fibres, which power- 

 fully contribute to tlie flow of the sap in the fol- 

 low ing spring, as it generally appears by the 

 abundance and the vigor of the new wood. Pulpy 

 trees, with a large [lith, such as the Madeira wal- 

 nut or the fig, whose bark when young is so apt 

 to be affected by rigid cold, and even by white 

 liosts, are perhaps the only sorts of trees that 

 ought preferably to be planted in the spring. 



After ascertaining that the layers have taken 

 root, they must be cut off" four inches from the 

 parent trunk ; he taken up carefully with their 

 roots and small fibres, and placed in the imrsery, 

 or permanently established in an orchard. In the 

 nursery they must be set at the distance of six 

 feet from each other; and in the following year, 

 by heading them down, four or five layers may be 

 made from each. By these means, one hundred 

 trees may be increased, in four years, to eighteen 

 hundred ; for the i>arent trees, after the layers are 

 separated from them, being replaced in a straight 

 position, secured to a prop, manured and watered, 

 generally retrieve their strength and make pro- 

 ductive trees. 



If the young layers be planted in an orchard, 

 the same care must be taken of them as when set 

 in a nursery. Trees in the early stages of their 

 expansion, like the growth of young animals, re- 

 quire an abundant nourishment. Four tillages 

 each year with the hoe or the plough ; ii-equent 

 waterings if the season should he dry ; manure 

 worked into the ground in October ; all this is 

 scarcely sufficient for a new plantation. We must 

 besides, two or three times in the course of the 

 summer, take up the weeds which grow near 

 them, and throw them at the foot of each tree. — 

 We consider these weeds useful not only as a ma- 

 nure, but as a hindrance to the lodgment of in- 

 sects wJiich dislike the mephitical air arising from 

 vegeta;bles in a state of decomposition. 



When the layers are separated and carefully 

 taken from the parent tree, if they be placed in a 

 nursery, they must be set as we have before said, 

 at the distance of 6 feet from each other ; but if 

 in an orchard, they must be placed in quincunx 

 order, thirty feet apart. 



but as it has not, so far as I know, been frequent- 

 ly noticed in print, perhaps it may be jiroper to 

 give it a i)lace in your excellent paper. 



I have tried it with the two above mentioned 

 seeds with the best success, and I believe my 

 father generally practises the same method witii 

 Indian corn, which by that means germinates 

 much sooner and of course escapes accidents. 1 

 have no doubt that many hard seeds which are 

 difficult in germinating woidd be essentially as- 

 sisted by the above process. If this is all well 

 enough known already, omit it. The seeds 'iC 

 white mulberry, I have steeped in hot, but not 

 boiling water, with success. 



Would not a good article on the means of facil- 

 itating the ready germination of seeds be very use- 

 ful. Many we know are slow and uncertain to 

 Serminate readily, the crcetaguses (Thorn Quicks) 

 for instance, and a year's iireparation is rather 

 tedious, troublesome and discouraging to those 

 who would cultivate hedges, &c. 



Frost and boiling water are powerful agents in 

 this matter ; but who except a few gardeners and 

 nursery-men, know exactly to which of these, (or 

 other agents,) to expose their seeds, or what kinds 

 of seeds will be aided in their germination by 

 them ? 



Has boiling water been tried upon wheat and 

 other grains, beans, i>eas, &c. &c. 



Dayton, JVov. 24, 1828. JOB HAINES. 



From the American Farmer. 



From the Weslern Review. 



ON THE OIL OF PUMPKIN SEEDS. 



To Dr. C. L. Sefger, Norlhampinn, (M'KS.) 



Your inquiries respecting pumpkins, which have 

 lately reached me, I hasten to answer to the best 

 ot' iny knoAvledge. 



I understood that pumpkin seeds were pressed 

 like rape seed, and of course cold ; when I added 

 " or like fax seed," it was because I had never seen 

 flax seed or linseed pressed warm after roasting, 

 as you say it is done with you. 



Pumpkin seeds, being very oily, and containing 

 thin oil, require no heat to help the effect of the 

 press. They will yield their oil to the press as 

 easily as almonds, walnuts, and seeds of the mel- 

 on tribe. 



The Harmonists press this oil in the press used 

 for rape seed oil. 



I do not think that the pumpkin seed oil can be 

 employed, like linseed oil, for painting. It is too 

 thin and fluid, but it will answer in the instances 

 where walnut oil is employed, being similar to it 

 in that respect, although otherwise much sweeter 

 and less desiccative. 



Pumpkin bread and cakes are much used in the 

 interior of the state of Kentucky, as pumpkin pies 

 in New England. The bread is made either by 

 itself or mixed with corn meal, by kneading jjump- 

 '••ns either raw or boiled, and baking them imme 



the facility which they have of growing among 

 corn, without injury to either crop. I do not con- 

 ceive that any positive advantage might result 

 from their separate cultivation. But manures 

 might be highly beneficial in either instance, and 

 would incrciise the crops. 



I remember the following additional uses which 

 may be made of pumpkins. 



1. The cakes, remaining after the oil is press- 

 ed from the seeds, are eaten greedily by cattle 

 and hogs. 



2. In Europe, tliey make good preserves of 

 pumpkins, by cutting them in slices and boiling 

 them for a long time in strong syriq) of sugar. 



3. In the south of Europe, a very good soup is 

 made by mashed or diluted pumpkins with oil, 

 butter, or broth. This dish is called farlata iji 

 Tuscany. Rice is often added to it. 



4. The hard skin of pumpkins, if uninjured, 

 may be used for pails, buckets, baskets, &c. The 

 pumpkins may be made to assume almost any 

 shape, by being confined while young, in wooden 

 or hard vessels, which they will fill gradually, 

 moulding themselves to their shapes. 



C. S. RAFINESQUE, 

 Prof, of Botany avd JVat. Hist. 

 Transylvania University, Sept. 10, 1828. 



TO PROMOTE THE GERMINATION OP 



CERTAIN SEEDS. I 



Mr Skinner— a correspondent in one of the ' 

 late Nos. of the Farmer, inquires, what is the best i 

 method of propagating certain tbrest trees, named i 



in his communication. With regard to the ready ! '''"'ely afterwards, without any addition of yeast, 

 vegetation of seeds I will mention my ex[(enenc"e 'I' J'^.s, therefore, a great similarity to corn bread, 

 as to two of the kinds enumerated. G/erfjtoa and ' ^"'' '« eaten either warm or cold. It is very 

 i?o6i..i("a,(lloney Locust and Black Locust.) About ' s^v«« and of a reddish color : I cannot say it is 

 the time of planting Indian corn, or a little earlier I ^"^O' palateable to me, but those that are used to it 

 if the weather and ground permit, the seeds may ''ke it well. You know that corn bread is not lik- 

 be planted. cd at first by many persons. I think that the best 



Twelve or twenty-four hours before planting, pumpkin bread is that made by uniting equal parts 

 place the seeds in a tub or other suitable vessel, of corn meal and boiled pumpkins, 

 and pour upon them a quantity of boiling water ' Respecting the cultivation of pumpkins, I can 

 sufficient to cover them, and let them stand in it bardly give you any additional information. Their 

 untd ready to plant. This preparation of certain culture is well understood all over the country, and 

 kinds of seeds is i)robably known to many persons, »" * ' ' ' 



Lapland glue. — The bows of the Laplanders 

 are composed of two pieces of wood glued togeth- 

 er; one of these of birch, (which is flexible) and 

 the other of the fir of the marshes, (which is stiff") 

 in order that the bow, when bent, may not break ; 

 and when unbent, it may not bend. When these 

 two pieces of wood are bent, all the points of con- 

 tact endeavor to disunite themselves ; and to pre- 

 vent this, the Laplanders employ the following ce- 

 ment. They take the skins of the largest perch- 

 es, and having dried them, ujoisten them in cold 

 water until they are so soft that the scales may be 

 freed from them. They then put four or five of 

 these skins iu a reindeer's 1. ladder, or they wrap 

 them up in a soft bark of birch tree, in such a 

 manner that water cannot touch them, and place 

 thein, thus covered, into a pot of boiling water, 

 with a stone above them, to keep them at the bot- 

 tom. When they have boiled about an hour, they 

 take them from the bladder or bark, and they are 

 then found to be soft or viscous. In this state, 

 they employ them for glueing together the two 

 pieces of their bows, which they strongly com- 

 press, and tie up until the glue is well dried. — 

 These pieces never afterwards separate. — Tran.^ 

 Stockholm .lead, of Science. 



The Cherokee Phcenix confirms the statement 

 from the Georgia Athenian, describing a species 

 of fly said to be very dangerous to animals. These 

 flies have lately made their appearance in the Che- 

 rokee country. The Phoenix also uses the follow- 

 ing language in reference to the ravages of this in- 

 sect. — " We have heard of several animals that 

 have been afflicted by these strange visitants. — 

 But otdy one case where a living jierson has been 

 fly-blown has come to our knowledge. This per- 

 son was still living by the last accounts. It is 

 said whenever these flies penetrate the flesh they 

 cannot, without great exertion, be extricated." 



The New York Euquirer says there are 22 



piano forte manufacturers in the city of New York, 



who dispose of 800 piano fortes in a year. Ten 



years ago all our musical instruments were im- 



the farmers know how to avail themselves of 'ported from Europe. 



