THE FARMERS' REGISTER. 



663 



In 1216, the Po froze 15 ells deep, and wine 

 burst the casUs. 



In 123t, the Po wns again frozen, and loaded 

 wajj;ons crossed the Adriadc to Venice. A [)ine 

 Ibrest was killed by llie (rost at Kavenna. 



In 123G, the Danube was frozen, and remained 

 lonjT in that state. 



In 12G1, the frost was intense in Scotland, and 

 the ground bound up. The Categut was frozen 

 between Norway and Jutland. 



In 1281, such quantities of enow fell in Austria 

 as to hury the very houses. 



In 1292 ihe Rhine was frozen over at Breyeach, 

 and bore loaded wafrons. One sheet of ice ex- 

 tended between Norway and Jutland, so that 

 travellers passed with ease ; and in Germany, 600 

 persons were employed to clear away the snow, 

 lor the advance of the Austrian army. 



In 1305 the rivers of Germany were frozen, 

 and much distress was occasioned by the scarcity 

 of provisions and forage. 



in 1316 the crops wholly failed in Germany. 

 Wheat, which some years before sold at sixpence 

 a quarter now rose to two pounds. 



In 1323 the winter was so severe, that both 

 horse and foot passengers travelled over the ice 

 Ironi Denmark to Luhec and Dantzic. 



In 1339 the crops (ailed in Scotland, and such a 

 famine ensued, that the poorer sort of people 

 were reduced to (eed on grass, and many of them 

 perished miserably in the fields. Yet at this lime 

 wheat was so low in England as three shillings 

 and foiirpence a quarter. 



In 1344 it was clear frost from November, to 

 March, and all the rivers of Italy were frozen 

 over. 



In 1392 the vineyards and orchards were de- 

 stroyed by frost, and the trees split to pieces. 



The year 1408 had one of the coldest winters 

 ever remembered. Not only the .Danube was 

 frozen over, but the sea between Goihland and 

 Zealand, and between Norway and Denmark ; 

 BQ that the wolves, driven from their forests, came 

 over the ice into Jutland. In France the vine- 

 yards and orchards were destroyed. 



In 1423 both the North sea and the Baltic were 

 frozen. Travellers passed from Lubec to Dantzic. 

 In France the frost penetrated into the very cel- 

 lars. Corn and wine failed and men and cattle 

 perished for want of food. 



The successive winters of 1432, 1433 and 1434 

 were uncommonly severe. It snowed forty days 

 without interruption. All the rivers of Germany 

 were frozen and the very birds took shelter in 

 the town. The price of wheat rose in England 

 to twenty seven shillings a quarter, but was re- 

 duced to Jive shillings the following year. 



In 1460 the Baltic was frozen and both horse 

 and foot crossed over the ice from Denmark to 

 Sweden. The Danube continued frozen two 

 months, and the river yards in Germany were 

 destroyed. 



In 1468, the winter was so severe in Flanders, 

 that the wine disiribuied to the soldiers was cut 

 in pieces with hatchets. 



In 1544 the same thing happened again — the 

 wine being frozen into solid lumps. 



In 1548 the wii^ter was very cold and protract- 

 ed. Between Denmark and Bostock, sledges 

 drawn by oxen or horses, travelled on ice. 



In 1564, and again in 1565, the winter was ex- 



tremely severe all over Europe. The Scheldt 

 froze BO liard as to support loaded wagons for 

 three months. 



In 1571, the winter was severe and protracted. 

 All the rivers in France were covered with hard 

 and solid ice, and fruit trees, even in Languedoo 

 were killed by the frost. 



In 1594, the winter was so severe that the 

 Rhine and Scheldt were [rozen and even the sea 

 at Venice. . 



The year 1608 was uncommonly cold, and 

 snow lay of immense depth even at Padua. Wheat 

 rose in the Windsor market from thirty six shil- 

 lings, to filty six shillings a quarter. 



In my next article I will conclude the account 

 of cold and frost, and commence that of heat and 

 drought, and will then make some general obser- 

 vations as to the effect of frost, heat and moist- 

 ure upon the earth's crusts or siratas. E. M. 



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