1859. 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



553 



ses ; he ismulctable (if I may use the word,) for 

 every robin's grave. The statutes ought to have 

 provided a robin cemetery, then all will be saved 

 from being dragged before some Justice Innocent. 



Know Sir Walter Scott's idea on the law, and 

 its process of being carried out. ''If the citizen 

 makes over to society the natural, indisputable 

 and inalienable right of self-defence, society is 

 bound to maintain its share of the contract in 

 full and adequate protection, and the contract is 

 violated unless it does so. When society fails to 

 protect personal rights, it becomes, for the time 

 being, and for the purposes of that act, resolved 

 into its elements, and the power goes back by 

 primary right to its constituents. No majority, 

 however large, may place men under a sham 

 government, and make them amenable to its 

 penalties, v/hile it refuses to protect them in 

 those rights which they hold from a source higher 

 than government. Still less can it assume to 

 prevent them from redressing those wrongs 

 which its authority sanctions or permits by its 

 neglect." 



Government binds the citizen to loyalty no 

 farther than it is itself bound to justice. If gov- 

 ernment does not adequately protect, every man 

 may take law into his own hands against poach- 

 ers upon his labor, his ov/n and his family's liv- 

 ing, answerable only to his fellow-man. He only 

 transfers his allegiance from a sham statute to 

 common law. J. S. Needham. 



South Banvers, Sept., 1859. 



AUTUMN. 

 Leaf by leaf the roses fall, 



Drop by drop the springs run dry ; 

 Ons by one, beyond recall, 



Summer beauties fade and die; 

 But the roses bloom again, 



And the spring will gush anew, 

 In the pleasant April rain, 



And the summer sun and dew. 



So, in hours of deepest gloom, 



When the springs of gladness fail. 

 And the roses in the bloom 



Drop like maidens, wan and pale, 

 We shall find some hope that lies 



Like a silent gem apart, 

 Hidden far from careless eyes, 



In the garden of the heart. 



Some sweet hope to gladness wed. 



That will spring afresh and new, 

 When grief's winter shall have fled. 



Giving place to rain and dew — 

 Some sweet hope that breathes of spring, 



Tlirough the weary, weary time, 

 Budding for its blossoming. 



In the Spirit's glorious clime. 



SAWYEH'S IMPROVED CULTIVATOB. 



During the past summer, we have used in our 

 fields an implement with the above name, and 

 have found it in reality, a labor-saving imple- 

 ment. It is our practice to hill potatoes at the 

 first hoeing, all we intend to hill for the season, 

 — because we have found each successive hilling 

 to induce a new set of roots to start out higher 

 up the stalk, and from these a new crop of pota- 



toes. Under this practice, the forming of a large 

 hill is a work of considerable labor, and the Im- 

 proved Cultivator performs it quickly and admi- 

 rably. It may be conveniently changed to throw 

 up a little earth, or a good deal, by removing the 

 side shares, or allowing them to remain on. 

 Wherever it is wished to hill up plants, it is the 

 best implement in our knowledge. It works 

 clean, also, cutting up all the weeds in its path. 

 We like it much. We do not know who sell or 

 make it. They must speak for themselves. 



For the New England Farmer. 



FALL PLOWING, AND THE ADVANTA- 

 GES OP DEEP PLOWING. 



It is always desirable to do as much of the 

 farm-work in the fall, preparatory to spring op- 

 erations, as possible. If the plowing for next 

 year's crops can now be done, that will relieve 

 the team from a heavy task in the spring, as well 

 as give considerable more time in that hurrying 

 season to devote to other needful work. The 

 fore part of November is a favorable time for 

 plowing, the land then being generally in fine con- 

 dition to plow, the weather cool and bracing, the 

 team hearty and vigorous for the work, and there 

 is usually leisure to devote to it. 



Sod land, well plowed in late autumn, will be 

 mellower to cultivate and clear of grass and weeds, 

 the next season, than if it were plowed in spring, 

 — the frosts of winter killing the up-turned roots 

 and disintegrating and crumbling the soil, so 

 that in the spring it will readily yield a deep, 

 mellow and clean seed-bed, fit for any kind of 

 a field-crop. Not only will the land be clean of 

 grass and weeds, but clean of grubs and cut- 

 worms also. By plowing green-sward as late as 

 November, the worms and their eggs are turned 

 to the surface in a torpid state, their arrange- 

 ments are reversed, and the frosts of winter im- 

 mediately succeeding, they are cleared out of the 

 land. I have found late fall plowing a perfect 

 mode of ridding my land of these two varieties 

 of worms. 



November is a good time to plow stubble or 

 old ground, that is to be sowed with grain and 

 stocked to grass the next spring. If the land is 

 in corn-stubble, it will be well first to put on a 

 heavy harrow, and passing with it once in a place, 

 astride of a row each time, loosen the hills and 

 scatter the corn-stubs about, which will make the 

 plowing easier and more effective, and the stubble 

 being separated in loose pieces by the harrow, 

 will more readily fall to the bottom of the fur- 

 row than if remaining in unbroken hills or clumps 

 of roots and stems. Lying beneath the furrow 

 through the winter, with the soil settled down 

 upon them, the stubs are not liable to be pulled 

 up to the surface when harrowing in the grain in 

 the spring. I have practised the plowing of corn- 

 stubble and potato-ground in the fall, for sever- 

 al years past, and like it well, on such of my lapd 

 as is not subject to overflow by freshets from the 

 river, or is not on so steep a declivity as to be 

 liable to be washed by heavy rains in the winter 

 or early spring. The land does not need plow- 

 ing again in spring, but is ready to receive the 



