19 



burned, or by a sudden jarring of the branch the caterpillars may be- 

 dislodged and then crushed under- foot. Often times they are- 

 attacked by a small Ichneumon fly, and when caterpillars dead from 

 this cause are observed it is well not to disturb them. They are 

 much shortened, grayish in color, and the cocoon of the contained 

 parasite gives them a characteristic bloated appearance. If it were 

 not for this friendly parasite the caterpillars would be much more- 

 common than they are. 



THE ANTIOPA BUTTERFLY. 



Euvanessa antiopa (Linn.). 



The caterpillar of this butterfly is one of the most commonly 

 observed defoliators of the elm, and is sent to this station a large 

 number of times ever}' season by persons mistaking it for the cater- 

 pillar of the Gypsy Moth, to which, however, it bears only a slight 

 superficial resemblance. 



There are two broods of this insect in JNIassachusetts, the butter- 

 flies from the first appearing late in J line or early in July, and from 

 the second in the fore part of September. Those of the second 

 brood hibernate and appear again on the wing at the first approach 

 of spring, and by the middle of May have laid the eggs for the first 

 brood. 



The pale yellow, ribbed, barrel-shaped eggs to the number of about 

 200 are laid in a single layer about a terminal twig of the food plant,, 

 and hatch in about a week from the date of laying. 



Fig. 11.— Antiopa Butterfly Caterpillar. (After Scudder.) 



