28 



the cake left after the extraction of oil has been fed to cattle. 

 The achenes are too well known to need any detailed description ; 

 they are obovate, more or less flattened and four sided. In size 



Fig. 19. 

 layer. 



Sunflower. (1) 



Figure 19 

 Epicarp and twin hairs 



(2) Cells of fibre 



they vary from 4 — 10 m.m. in length, and are sometimes even 

 longer, and from 3 — 6 m.m. broad at the top. The color ranges 

 from black to nearly white, usually alternately striped black and 

 white. 



The twin hairs are characteristic of sunflower meal, but these 

 are usually broken and hard to find whole. The fibre la3'er is 

 composed of large cells with pitted walls and pores, and often the 

 cork like layer of cells, called the hypoderm, containing many fine 

 pores, are found. Sunflower meal is not used, however, in this 

 country to any extent. Fig. 19 shows the elements of the 

 achene which are an aid to diagnosis. 



OLIVE POMACE. 



Olive pomace, a by product in the manufacture of olive oil, 

 has been used to some extent as a cattle food but is of very rare 

 occurrence, in this country at least. If one suspects its presence 

 a sample may be mounted in dilute alkali when the large, irreg- 



