IV. EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER 



THE vortex-atom theory assumes that the universe 

 consists of a uniform primary substance ; and that 

 what we call matter consists of portions of this 

 substance which have become animated with vortex 

 motion. This is the theory of Helmholtz, and it 

 receives the support of Kelvin, Tait and other 

 eminent physicists. The atoms are supposed or 

 believed to be in the form of vortex rings, each of 

 which is distinct in mass, form and motion, and is 

 indestructible. The rings of smoke formed by 

 tobacco-smokers have often been used as illustrating 

 such vortex action ; the particles of such rings are 

 revolving in small circles at right angles to the axis 

 or circumference of the larger circle or ring. Such 

 rings have stability, although they bend, recede, 

 enlarge, and are capable of intussusception, as they 

 are moulded by the movements of the air or other 

 such rings which come into contact with them. 

 They ultimately burst because they meet with re- 

 sistance from the circulating air. If they were free 

 from all friction, such rings would be indivisible and 

 indestructible. Such is supposed to be the nature 

 of atoms and their movements. The atoms form 

 molecules, and although the molecules are diversified, 

 all the forms of matter are simply combinations of 



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