PENGUINS AT SEA 161 



larger and having a broader white bar on the 

 wing. 



In the Southern Indian Ocean a third species 

 of this peculiar genus inhabits the coasts of the 

 Crozette Islands, and extends to Kerguelen Land, 

 while during the third voyage of " Valhalla," 

 in 1905-6, we obtained specimens of a fourth and 

 previously undescribed species at Tristan da Cunha. 



Penguins* were also seen during the same day, 

 as well as later, after we had entered the Straits. 

 Most of those seen at sea were lying on their sides 

 with one leg out of the water a characteristic 

 attitude of these birds as well as of other members 

 of the genus, the nearly-allied S. demursus of 

 South Africa and the adjacent islands being 

 frequently seen in a similar position. 



A few days later we shot a Magellan penguin 

 for our collection. I shall not readily forget the 

 great difficulty I had in skinning this bird. 

 Between the skin and the flesh lay a mass of oily 

 fat more than half-an-inch thick, in which were 

 embedded the stiff quills of the breast feathers. 



We afterwards found that just before the moult 

 the Cape penguins,! coming up from the sea 

 enveloped in fat, remain during the moulting season 

 on shore, and never enter the water. As soon as 

 the moult is finished they are quite thin, and then 

 proceed to sea for a month before returning to 

 breed. 



* Spheniscus magellanicus. f Spheniscus demursus. 



