52 TILE DKA1NAGE. 



flesh and fish. Under this "forest " life (for savage means 

 " pertaining to the forest") it took perhaps several hundreds 

 or even thousands of acres to give food to a single individual. 

 There was no tillage of cultivated crops, no rearing of do- 

 mestic animals, and the clothing was made of the skins of 

 wild animals killed in the chase. 



Next in development came the barbarous, or nomadic stage, 

 when men began to keep domestic animals, living mainly 

 on their meat, and milk and its products, and clothing them- 

 selves with woven wool and goat's hair, with a scanty tillage 

 of roots, cereals, and a few fruits. They lived a nomadic 

 life yet, roaming the open plains and valleys in tribes, pas- 

 turing their herds and flocks on the spontaneous vegetation, 

 the stronger tribes getting the richer plains and valleys. 

 There was little tillage of crops as yet, for there was neither 

 individual ownership of land, nor permanence of location, 

 even for the tribe, and the weaker tribe was always liable to 

 be driven away from any crops it might have sown and 

 tilled, just as it was about to harvest and use them. Under 

 this system, if system it might be called, there was an 

 advance over the preceding in the possible population to be 

 sustained on a given area, and a few score or perhaps hun- 

 dreds of acres would support a single person. 



Next came the stage of agricw to/re, properly so called, based 

 on permanent location of the tribe, and finally of the small 

 nation, with allotment of portions of land to individuals for 

 more or less permanent use, either by annual rental, long- 

 time rental, for example 49 years as among the Jews, or by 

 actual sale. This gave individual reward proportioned to 

 individual effoit, the only spur ever discovered sufficiently 

 powerful to produce intelligent and persistent effort. Under 

 this spur, vegetables, cereals, and fruits were increased in 

 variety, and improved in quality and productiveness ; while 

 the same was true in regard to the various kinds of domestic 

 animals. Upon this basis of a permanent agriculture grew 

 up manufactures and commerce; high civilization became 



