78 TILE DRAINAGE. 



brought out in the next chapter, shows two T joints and one 

 Y joint near the front end of the stone boat, as well as round 

 and octagonal tiles, and one socket tile, or sewer-pipe. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



How to Drain ; The Tools ; Hand Tools or 

 Machine Tools? 



In these days of machinery shall we dig by hand, by horse 

 power, or by steam? After much investigation I am of the 

 clear opinion that the average farmer, on bowlder'clay, will 

 dig and till most cheaply by hand, except the plowing of top 

 furrows, as described in 'Chapter VI., and the filling by 

 team. While I was Secretary of the Ohio State Board of 

 Agriculture, a field trial of steam and horse power ditch- 

 ing-machines was held on the new State Fairgrounds at 

 Columbus, and later another was held in Marion, Ohio, both 

 under my direction as Secretary. At the two trials, two 

 steam-machines and four or five horse-power ones, tried 

 their powers, and competed for the prizes. At Columbus 

 the ground (common "glacial drift," or " bowlder clay") 

 was so stony that none of the machines did profitable work. 

 At Marion it was far lens stony, and one horse - power 

 machine, the u Rennie : " of Toronto, Canada, and one steam- 

 power machine, the "Plumb," from Illinois, did excellent 

 and fairly paying work, provided a large job of it were to be 

 done at a time of year when they could be operated. Either 

 of them, and one or two others of which I know, would pay 

 on very large jobs in practically stoneless soil. But none of 

 them will probably pay for the average farmer on bowlder 

 clay, and for the following reasons: 



First, the ground is usually too stony. Of the three miles 

 I dug the past winter on my own farm, scarcely a single 

 length of ten rods consecutively could have been dug profit- 



