84 TILE DKAINAGE. 



of, where one must fill by hand, as on turf or wheat, or in 

 freezing weather. I also use the common potato-digging 

 fork, seen at the right of Fig 20, behind the spades and scoop; 

 also a shovel and hoe, and a strong garden-rake for cleaning 

 up the crumbs on wheat, or on turf that is not to be plowed. 

 These, I think, are all the tools really needed for hand-digging 

 and for laying tiles, except the pick and crowbar for remov- 

 ing stones and loosening exceedingly solid gravel. Instru- 

 ments for laying out the drains will be mentioned in con- 

 nection with that work. 



CHAPTER IX. 



How to Drain ; The Manipulations ; Locating 

 the Drains. 



This has been described in part in Chapter VI. If there 

 is plenty of fall, and the depressions show plainly where the 

 main drains should be, the system may be laid out by the 

 eye, with measuring-tape and stakes. If not, then a careful 

 observation should be made in very wet weather (the fall and 

 winter preceding), to locate the low parts, where the water 

 gathers and flow r s off, and the direction the water takes on 

 the more level parts. If the ground is very level you had 

 better employ a really expert drainage engineer, or a civil 

 engineer who understands tile drainage, to lay off the ground 

 and set grade stakes, and make a diagram on paper. A 

 diagram, or map, is an excellent thing to have at any rate. 

 It is a permanent record of the location of drains. It helps 

 one to find readily the main drains, if, at some future time, 

 he wishes to find them to introduce new laterals. In my 

 own case I have often desired to do this during the last 20 

 years, as some of my mains were laid even longer ago than 

 that, and the laterals not all laid, in some cases, until many 

 years later. The mains are thus easily found, and in every 



