TILE DRAINAGE. 413 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. 



The scope of the book. A primer in size and conciseness. On tile 

 drainage, not all drainage nor all related subjects. Drainage a 

 progressive art. Much of the past now discarded. Tiles have 

 superseded all other materials for underdrainage. Round tiles 

 best. Author's practical experience and observation. Tiling 

 not so difficult as sometimes represented, yet needs an engineer 

 for difficult problems. Pages 3 6. 



CHAPTER II. WHY DO WE TILE-DRAIN LAND? THE THEORY. 



Do all lands need tiling? Horace Greeley's dictum. Underdrain- 

 age better than surface drainage. What is " surplus water "? 

 Upon and in the soil. Roots need air. Capillary attraction in 

 lamp-wicks, sponges, soils. Air-spaces in soils. Capillary wa- 

 ter and hydrostatic water. Porosity and slight filtration of 

 ik loose " soils. Typhoid germs. Artesian wells. Capillarity 

 and hydrostatic pressure oppose each other. Scientific reasons 

 for removing surplus moisture down through the soil: 1. Fits 

 fields for less crooked tillage; 2. Removes surplus in as well as 

 on the soil; 3. Saves loss of fertility; 4. Even adds fertility; 5. 

 Helps warm the soil; 6. Lengthens the season of tillage and 

 growth of crops; 7. Increases extent of "root pasturage;" 8. 

 Helps disintegrate and " fine " the soil; 9. Diminishes " winter- 

 killing " of wheat, clover, etc., by *' hoar frost " or " stool ice ; " 

 10. Diminishes effects of drouth; 11. Often diminishes flood 

 damage; 12. Improves the healthfulness of drained regions. 

 Pages 7 28 



CHAPTER III. WHY DO WE TILE -DRAIN LAND? THE FACTS. 

 DOES IT PAY? 



Author's first cobble-stone drain. First tile drain. First thor- 

 ough tile drainage less than $23 per acre, and first wheat crop 

 $46 per acre. Naturally gave the " tile-fever." Actual effects 

 of tiling: 1. Upon orchards; "died of wet feet;" 2. Upon 

 wheat; 3. Upon clover; 4. Upon value of manures and fertiliz- 

 ers; 5. Upon permanence of fertilizers and crops, and upon 

 weeds; 6. Upon barn room; 7. Upon the fruitage of apple-trees. 

 Pages 28 50 



CHAPTER IV. DOES TILLAGE PAY BETTER THAN GRAZING? 



Not exclusive tillage. Combined with stock -keeping. Agricultu- 

 ral development of the human race. The savage state. The 

 nomadic. The agricultural. The horticultural. Population 

 of Ohio per square mile. Of Belgium. Exclusive grazing in 

 Ohio. Tillage with stock-raising. The tiling of clayey soils a 

 necessary basis for tillage and rotation. Manures, fertilizers, 

 clover, rotation, and good tillage must follow to win success. 



