144 TILE DRAINAGE. 



Brief history of drainage on author's farm. Effects of tiling, 

 tillage, tree-planting, etc., upon the rainfall. Soils that most 



need drainage, thorough and partial. Pages 51 62 



CHAPTP;R V. WHERE TO DRAIN. 



General localities and kinds of soil. Cat-swamps, swales, etc. 

 Location of mains and laterals in a system of thorough drain- 

 age. Mains follow but somewhat straighten the dry brooks and 

 swales. The direction of laterals. Two rules. Criticisms of. 

 Discussion of. Illustrations, Figs. 18, 19. How the surface- 

 water seeks the drains. Dead-furrows? Rapidity of absorp- 

 tion and filtration. Pages 62 71 



CHAPTER VI. WHEN TO DRAIN. 



1. When can we afford it? Debt for it? Sell part to tile the 

 rest? Gradually, year by year, and economically. 2. Best sea- 

 sons of the year. Tiling in winter, late fall, and early spring. 

 Advantages of. Preparation for. Details of in next chapter. 



Pages 71 74 



CHAPTER VII. How TO DRAIN; THE TILES. 



The tiles. Shape. Material, and hardness of burning. Porosi- 

 ty. Experiments concerning. The water enters drains how 

 and where? Hard tiles more surely durable. " T joints" and 

 44 Y joints" needed for hard tiles. Better for any kind of tiles. 



Pages 74 78 



CHAPTER VIII. How TO DRAIN; THE TOOLS. 



Hand tools or machines? Field trials of horse and steam power 

 machines. Greatly hindered by stones in drift soils or bowlder 

 clay. Not suited to winter work. But winter the time of 

 leisure for drainage. Shall the farmer buy a digging-machine 

 as he does a mower or twine-binder? Shall he hire one? Hand 

 tools; spades; scoops, or cr umbers; groove-cutters; span-level; 

 filling hook and fork; crowbar, pick, shovel, etc. Pages.78 84 

 CHAPTER IX. How TO DRAIN ; THE MANIPULATIONS. 



Locating the drains. Wet-weathei observations. Drainage en- 

 gineer; grade-stakes, map, etc. Winter drainage. Beginning 

 to dig. Where? How? The main first laid." T " and " Y " 

 joints, when laid. The laterals. The digging. Skill by prac- 

 tice and thought. *" Burying" the spade. Keeping one side- 

 edge in sight. How to sink the spade; and preserve the true 

 grade; and use the " crumber." The foot-iron. Placing the 

 earth so as to fill in easily. The curved motion in lifting the 

 earth. Centrifugal force helps keep the earth on the spade. 

 Skill or knack required to dig a clean, true ditch rapidly, easi- 

 ly, and well. The three-tined ditching-spade for stoneless, 

 mucky, sticky soils. Establishing close grades. "Sighting- 

 stakes" and '"boning rods. "Fig. 25. Cutting the groove for the 

 tiles, Fig. 26. Depressions in the drains endanger stoppage. 

 Use of the span-level in getting grade. Of soil -water. Of wa- 



