TILE DRAINAGE. 145 



ter brought on purpose. The work to endure for centuries, if 

 well done; for about two years if not well done. Laying the 

 tiles. Covering them. Tramping the earth. How the water 

 enters. The upper ends of laterals. Protecting outlets from 

 land and water vermin, reptiles, etc., by screens.- -Have as few 



outlets as possible. Pages 84 100 



CHAPTER X. How TO DRAIN; SPECIAL PROBLEMS. 



Map of thorough drainage of 36-acre field on author's farm, Hud- 

 son, O. Handling flood- water from land further up the slope. 

 Ponds as balance-wheels. " Catch-water pond " and " catch- 

 basin." ''Contour lines." Study of the map. Drainage into 

 reservoirs sunk into gravel subsoil. By mains running into 

 gravel-knolls, and with no outlets. Protecting joints from en- 

 trance of quicksand or '' silt." Establishing grade by line in- 

 stead of boning-rods and sight-stakes. Quicksand-pockets; 

 boards to prevent the tiles from sinking; silt-basins, or man- 

 holes. Boards under tiles at outlets. Tiles rather than stones, 

 even where stones are plentiful and of good shape. But if you 

 use stones, lay a clear channel for water. Roots in tile drains. 

 Not unless the tiles are wet when the soil is dry. Former belief 

 as to porosity of tiles changed by later careful experiment. 

 Roots of aquatic trees. Conveying spring or swamp water 

 through dry soil. Slop-drains, water-closet and sink-drains, 

 etc. Drainage of low lands by steam or wind engine pumping. 

 Letter quoted. Scarcely within the scope of this book. 

 Pages . 100 112 



CHAPTER XI. ESTIMATES; SIZES OF TILES; COST OF DRAINING. 



Size of tiles to drain given areas. Nature of the problem. Sud- 

 den and heavy rainfalls. English estimates too small for the 

 United States. The " factor of safety." Actual rainfalls on 

 author's farm. Sizes of tile that " handled " it without surface- 

 wash. Author's rule for size. Rule by C. G. Elliott, in his 

 " Practical Farm Drainage." Rule by Geo. E. Warring, Jr., in 

 his "Draining for Profit and Draining for Health." Tables by 

 French and by Klippart in their books on drainage. Present 

 tendency toward large tiles wise. Author's conclusions. Cost 

 of drainage if done economically. Actual cost itemized for 15 

 acres. Proper depth in tenacious clays in moderate climate. 



In more porous soi Is and colder climates. . . Pages 112 120 



CHAPTER XII. CONCLUSION. 



Good tillage should follow tile drainage. The author an advocate 

 of drainage, but not from personal, pecuniary interests. Has 

 tried to give theories correctly and facts truthfully. Personal 

 letters not practicable. Where and how to buy tiles. Begin 

 the. work of tiling gradually and economically (if your land 

 needs it), and be guided by observed results. How to find what 

 is in this book, or what it has on any particular point. Test the 

 book's advice by trial. Pages 120 122 



