62 ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. [CHAP. 



anteriorly it is prolonged forwards, flanking the 

 maxilla, to meet the outer end of the palatine; 

 posteriorly it runs downwards and backwards, 

 parallel with the squamosal. 



e. The side of the skull. 



a. Compare generally with the foregoing; note 

 especially the backward rotation of the squa- 

 mosal, and the mutual relationships of the max- 

 illo-jugal bones. 



/?. The mandible or lower jaw; it consists of two 

 distinct halves, or rami, which meet in the 

 middle line in front. 



In each ramus three pieces may be made out 

 a main piece, which runs nearly to the middle 

 line in front (articulare) ; a thin scale-like 

 piece (dentary) flanking the outer anterior face 

 of the former; and a small nodular one (tnento- 

 Meckelian} meeting with its fellow in the sym- 

 physial line. 



5. The skull ; wet preparation. 



Remove the lower jaw and hyoid, and carefully 

 dissect off from the rest of the skull, under water, 

 the undermentioned bones. This may be done with 

 comparative ease, if, holding the whole down with 

 the left hand the bones of one side be removed, 

 either by inserting the point of a scalpel beneath 

 them or by the aid of forceps. 



The bones to be removed are dorsal series, fronto- 

 parietals (one or both), nasal, squamosal, maxilla, 

 pre-maxilla; ventral series, parasphenoid, vomer, pala- 

 tine, pterygoid; care must be taken that none of the 

 underlying cartilage is brought away with the latter. 



