39 



OCTOBER. 



PLANTS. 



Agents for. distribution of seeds. 



1. Wind. 



(a) Winged pine; pappus dandelion, thistle, milkweed. 



(b) Entire plant scattered as Russian thistle, tumble weeds. 



2. Animals. 



(a) Covering "stick tights," sand bur, clot-bur, burdocks, pitch- 



forks, beggar's ticks. 



(b) Feet on hoofs of horses, cows; feet of birds. 



(c) Food fruit eaten, digested, seeds discarded; cherries, black- 



berries, raspberries, strawberries, cedar by birds; oats, 

 maize, and grasses by herbivorous animals; apples, peaches, 

 pears, by man. 



3. Water. ' 1 " : j * ; ; 



(a) Streams seeds that will float, nuts in the husk. 



(b) Ocean currents cocoanuts. 



4. Mechanical means. 



(a) Bursting pods peas, beans, violet, bloodroot, crane's bill. 



(b) Rolling nuts. 



ANIMALS. 



1. Galls. 



(a) Willow cones at end of willow twigs along streams. Re- 



move gray velvety scales, and find larvae in the center. 



(b) Oak galls observe position of leaf on stem, size, structure; 



cut open to find larvae. Compare galls produced by a single 

 larva with compound galls containing many cells. 



(c) Mossy rose galls. Compare structure with oak gall. 



(d) Conical galls on witch hazel. Find opening. 



(e) Poplar galls. Compare those at base of leaf and those on 



end of a twig. 



(f) Golden rod galls. Compare with oak galls as to location on 



plant. 

 What causes local enlargement of plant? 



MINERALS. 



Observe mineral deposit in your neighborhood. Is it limestone, 

 sandstone, granite, marble? W r hat are the physical characteristics? 

 From your study of pebbles, can you give a reason for the structure of 



