55 



3. Some Mechanical Methods. 



(a) Hand-picking tomato worm, pear tree borer. 



(b) Collecting and destroying eggs tent caterpillar and forest 



tentless caterpillar. 



4. Insecticides. 



(a) Biting insects Paris green or Bordeaux mixture for potato 



beetle and codling moth. 



(b) Sucking insects kerosene emulsion. 



5. Spraying. 



(a) Apparatus for spraying. 



(b) How to spray. 



(c) When to spray. 



The time will depend upon the vulnerable stage or period of the 

 pest. 



Children should learn the principle and working of the lifting and 

 force pump. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 



1. Apple Pests nearly 400 insect pests. 



(a) Roots wooly aphis. 



(b) Trunk round-headed and flat-headed borer. 



(c) Leaves. 



(1) Spring and Fall canker worm. Observe trunk at night. 



(2) Apple tent caterpillar. Collect eggs and destroy. 



(3) Forest tentless caterpillar. Jar off and kill. 



(4) White-marked tassock moth. 



(5) Red-humped apple worm. 



(d) Fruit. 



(1) Codling moth. 



Eggs laid on surface of apple or adjacent leaves. Caterpillars 

 emerge in about a week, enter fruit and calyx. 



Larval stage inside apple; emerge through a hole in the side of the 

 apple; crawl into crevice of bark or elsewhere. 



Pupa stage, a week or two. Moths emerge for a second brood. 

 Change to pupa may not take place until spring. 



Spray with Bordeaux mixture. 



(a) Before the blossom opens. 



(b) After the blossoms fall. 



(c) A week later. 



2. Plum Pests. 



(a) Fruit. 



Plum curculio. Observe the insect lay the egg in fruit. Jar tree 

 and destroy affected fruit. 



