89 



Nature includes all created things. Nature study is not only the 

 study of all created things but also all the changes which they un- 

 dergo. 



Natural law is the order in which things have been observed to 

 happen^ it is immutable; there are no exceptions. The relation of 

 cause and effect is the fundamental law of nature. By comparing 

 the geological forces at work at the present time, with geological 

 effects of the past, causes can be ascribed. 



The generally accepted Nebular theory should be given, as a founda- 

 tion for the work. 



1. Nebular Mass. 



1. Gaseous State hot, highly expanded. 



2. Composition elements, in gaseous state. 



(a) Elements about seventy in number. 



(1) Gaseous hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, oxygen. 



(2) Non-metallic sulphur and phosphorus. 



(3) Metallic iron, lead, tin, mercury, copper, gold, silver 



and zinc. 



As oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon are so widely distributed, 

 at this point children should have some experimental work to be- 

 come familiar with the properties of these elements. 

 3. Elements. 



(a) Oxygen. 



(1) Sources: air, water, animals, crust of earth. 



(2) Preparation: potassium, chlorate and manganese di- 



oxide. 



(3) Properties: odorless, colorless, tasteless, does not burn, 



vigorous supporter of combustion. 



(4) Experiments: burn in oxygen, splinter; watch spring; 



sulphur; phosphorus; zinc. 



(5) Distribution: destructive agent of air; purifies blood in 



human system; plants; minerals. 



(b) Nitrogen. 



1 (1) Sources: atmosphere, ammonia, animal matter, mush- 

 rooms. 



(2) Preparation: burning phosphorus in air. 



(3) Properties: colorless, odorless, tasteless, does not burn, 



does not support life, inert. 



(4) Distribution: air, soil, plants and animals. 



