DARWINISM ATTACKED. 57 



elimination and distinguish them from their more unfortu- 

 nate companions." The fortunate characters were mas- 

 culinity, shortness of body, lightness, longer humerus, longer 

 femur, longer tibio-tarsus, longer sternum, greater brain 

 capacity. But more important for survival than favourable 

 variations was the fact of 'approach to the species type or 

 mode of variability. The extreme variants perished. 

 "The process of selective elimination is most severe with ex- 

 tremely variable individuals, no matter in what directions the 

 variations may occur. It is quite as dangerous to be con- 

 spicuously above a certain standard of organic excellence 

 as it is to be conspicuously below the standard. It is the 

 type that nature favours." 



APPENDIX. 



1 For a fairly complete bibliography, with excellent abstracts, of 

 all important critical discussions of Darwinism since 1895, see 

 L'Annee Biologique (ed. Y. Delage), 1895-1903; for good bibliog- 

 raphy also see Zoologischer Jahresbericht, issued annually. See 

 also discussions and notes in such journals as Natural Science, Bio- 

 logisches Centralblatt, Nature, Science, American Naturalist, etc. 



2 Von Kolliker, A., "Uber die Darwin'sche Schopfungstheorie," 

 Zeitsch. f. zviss. ZooL Vol. XIV, pp. 174-186, 1864. 



8 Korschinsky, S., "Heterogenesis und Evolution," Naturw. Wo- 

 chenschrift, Vol. XIV, pp. 273-278, 1899. 



* Morgan, T. H., "Evolution and Adaptation," 1903. A vigorous 

 anti-Darwinian argument, somewhat sophisticated in its lawyer- 

 like handling of Darwin's own words, but keen and trenchant in 

 its exposure of the weaknesses of the selection theories as species- 

 forming explanations. It is also a brief for de Vries's theory of 

 species-forming by mutation. (See chap, xi of this book.) 



B "See Osborn, H. F., "Biol. Lectures," Wood's Holl Lab, 1894, 

 pp. 79-100, for suggestive plea for the recognition of "the unknown 

 factors of evolution." 



6 The subject of variation, an absolutely fundamental one in any 

 consideration of the factors and mechanism of organic evolution, has 

 a very large literature pertaining to it which the 

 , serious student of evolution must make considerable 

 ' acquaintance with at the very outset. Of this litera- 

 ture the following books and papers may be suggested to serve as 



