290 DARWINISM TO-DAY. 



heterogenesis (explained in the next chapter), with the 

 determinate lines of change or descent, which is the essential 

 idea in orthogenesis. 



APPENDIX. 



1 Lamarck, 1744-1828, the "founder of the complete modern theory 

 of descent, is the most important figure [in the history of the 



Beferences to theory of evolution] between Aristotle and Darwin" 

 Lamarck's (Osborn, "From the Greeks to Darwin," p. 156, 1899). 



writings, j_j' s th e c>ry of descent and the causes of descent was 



presented in his "Philosophic Zoologique," a large work published in 

 1809. For a brief account of Lamarck's life and work, see Osborn, 

 "From the Greeks to Darwin," pp. 156-181, 1899. For an exhaustive 

 account with full quotations from Lamarck's exposition of his the- 

 ories, see Packard, "Lamarck, His Life and Work," 1901. For ex- 

 positions of the Lamarckian point of view compared with the Dar- 

 winian position, see Haeckel, E., "Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, 

 Goethe, und Lamarck," 1882; Lang, A., "Zur Characteristik der For- 

 schungswege von Lamarck und Darwin," 1889; Ward, L. F., "Neo- 

 Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism," Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., Vol. VI, 

 pp. 11-71, 1891; Hutton, F. W., "Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old 

 and New," 1899; Pauly, A., "Darwinismus und Lamarckismus," 1905. 



2 Among the more conspicuous of these cases are Brown-Sequard's 

 epileptic guinea-pigs, Hyatt's Planorbis shells, Cunningham's flat- 



Brown-Se- fishes, and Fischer's butterflies. Morgan, in "Evo- 

 quard's experi- lution and Adaptation,'' gives the following account 

 ments on guinea- an d di scu ssion of the Brown-Sequard experiments 

 and results : "The best direct evidence in favour of the 

 Lamarckian argument is that furnished by the experiments of Brown- 

 Sequard. He found, as the result of injury to the nervous system of 

 guinea-pigs, that epilepsy appeared in the adult animal, and that young 

 born from these epileptic parents became also epileptic. Still more 

 important was his discovery that, after an operation on the nerves, 

 as a result of which certain organs, the ear or the leg, for instance, 

 are affected, the same affection appears in the young born from 

 such parents. These results of Brown-Sequard have been vouched 

 for by two of his assistants, and his results in regard to the inheri- 

 tance of epilepsy have been confirmed by Obersteiner, and by 

 Luciani on dogs. Equally important is their later confirmation, as 

 far as the main facts go, by Romanes. 



"Brown-Sequard gives the following summary of his results. 

 I follow Romanes' translation in his book on 'Darwin and After 



