FORMS OF LAND TENURE IN THE UNITED STATES 293 



from his dairy. This was appreciably more than the entire 

 value of the grown crops, yet the landlord continued to accept 

 one-half the grain and let the tenant have all he made out of 

 the dairy. 



The land-and-stock share system. Another form of the half- 

 and-half system is the land-and-stock share system, in which the 

 landlord furnishes a part of the live stock or owns a half interest 

 in all or a part of the live stock. This system is most common 

 in the dairy regions of New York, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, 

 Iowa, and Minnesota. The variations are numerous, but the 

 system has many features which are in general use. 



The landlord furnishes the land and the buildings including 

 the house for the tenant. The tenant furnishes the horses, 

 tools, and machinery, and all the labor required to operate the 

 farm. The landlord and tenant own, jointly, the cattle, hogs, 

 and poultry kept on the farm. The items of expenses are 

 likewise in three classes. The landlord furnishes material for 

 making repairs and the tenant performs the work, unless a 

 skilled workman is required, in which case the landlord pays for 

 the mechanic. The tenant stands all expenses in keeping his 

 horses, tools, and machinery in working order. Expenses for 

 twine, thrashing, silage cutting, etc., are usually shared equally. 

 The dairy equipment is often owned jointly. This refers 

 especially to the cream separator and shipping cans. A common 

 variation of this system is for the landlord to furnish all the 

 cows. This is more or less common on the less valuable dairy 

 farms of Wisconsin and is often found in New York. 



The land-and-stock share method of letting land has been 

 in use in the United States for more than a hundred years. 

 During this time a large number of questions with regard to 

 the duties and privileges of landlords and tenants have arisen. 

 It may be beneficial, therefore, to take up these questions one 

 by one, and indicate the way in which they have been answered. 



Ownership of the partnership property. Where the landlord 

 agrees to furnish half of the live stock and the tenant the other 

 half each party should own an undivided half interest in the 

 stock. A partnership herd, for example, in which the tenant 



