BOUND. 



BOX-TREE. 



black colour ; the face and the sides of the I and thoroughly as the tender state of the belly 

 hind-body are covered with a bluish-white will allow. The horse should be kept quiet, 

 bloom ; there are many small black dots on j warmly clothed, and his legs bandaged. In- 

 the latter, and six or eight on the face. This flammation of the inner coat of the bowels is 

 fly measures seven-eighths of an inch or more usually the consequence of physic, either of 

 in length, and its wings expand about three- } bad quality or given in an over-dose ; or the 

 quarters of an inch. It is rarely seen ; and j horse may have been ridden or driven far and 

 my only specimen was taken in the month of fast with nothing but green meat in his belly. 



July, many years ago. 



At the very end of this order is to be placed 

 a remarkable group of insects, which seems 

 to connect the flies with the true ticks and spi- 

 ders. Some of these insects have wings ; but 

 others have neither wings nor poisers. Of 

 the winged kinds there is one (Hippobosca 

 equina] that nestles in the hair of the horse; 

 others are bird-flies (Ornithomyia), and live in 

 the plumage of almost all kinds of birds. The 

 wingless kinds have sometimes been called 

 spider-flies, from their shape ; such are sheep- 

 ticks (Mellophagus ovis) and bat-ticks (Nycteri- 

 bia). These singular creatures are not pro- 

 duced from eggs, in the usual way among in- 

 sects, but are brought forth in the pupa state, 

 enclosed in the egg-shaped skin of the larva, 

 which is nearly as large as the body of the 

 parent insect. This egg-like body is soft and 

 white at first, but soon becomes hard and 

 brown. It is notched at one end, and out of 

 this notched part the enclosed insect makes its 

 way, when it arrives at maturity. (Dr. Harris.) 



BOUND (Sax. bun^e, from bint>an, to bind). 

 In veterinary medicine, a term of various ap- 

 plication. Any part of an animal that is em- 

 braced with an unnatural force is said to be 

 bound : thus horses are liable to be hoof-bound, 

 hide-bound, &c. Or the bowels may be con- 

 stricted so as not to part with the fceces, in 

 Which case the belly is said to be bound. 



BOWEL DISEASES (Mod. Fr. boyaux ; 

 old Fr. boailles). The horse and other quadru- 

 peds are liable to various diseases affecting 

 the bowels. Of inflammation of the bowels 

 there are two kinds; that of the external and 

 that of the internal coat. The former is a very 

 frequent and fatal disease, and is recognised 

 by the farrier under the name of red colic. It is 

 frequently caused by the application of cold to 

 the belly of the horse, either by taking him 

 into the water, or washing him about the belly 

 with cold water, or suffering him to drink 

 plentifully of it when he is heated, or by expo- 

 sure to rain, over-exertion on a full stomach, 

 &c. From whatever cause it arises, it runs 

 its course with fearful rapidity, and sometimes 

 destroys the horse in less than twenty-four 

 hours. The symptoms should be carefully 

 studied. One of the earliest is the expression 

 of very acute pain. The animal paws, rolls, 

 struggles violently, lies upon his back, groans ; 

 his legs and mouth are cold, the flanks heave 

 violently, the horse shivers and sweats, &c. 

 The violence of the symptoms soon abates, 

 and the horse becomes weak, and scarcely 

 able to stand. Prompt and copious bleeding 

 should be at first resorted to, until fainting 

 nearly or quite succeeds ; and mild aperients 

 may be next administered. The whole of the 

 belly should be stimulated with the strong blis- 

 tering liquid, or with spirit of turpentine ; and 

 these appliances should be rubbed in as hardly 



This disease can scarcely be confounded with 

 the foregoing. The horse does not roll so vio- 

 lently nor kick so desperately, nor is there any 

 heat nor much tenderness of the belly. At the 

 same time he is purged, instead of exhibiting 

 the obstinate costiveness which generally ac- 

 companies the former. Plenty of tolerably 

 thick gruel or starch should be forced down, 

 which will possibly sheathe the coats of the 

 stomach from the effect either of some portion 

 of the physic or the acrimony of the secretion, 

 and the purging will gradually stop. If this 

 should have no effect, bleeding, carefully 

 watched, and stopped when the pulse falters, 

 must be resorted to; and thicker gruel and 

 astringent medicine must be administered. 

 As in the last species, warm clothing and 

 bandages about the legs will be of essential 

 service. (Clater'a Farriery, p. 173 178.) 



BOWLDERS, or BOULDERS. A term in 

 geology, implying rounded masses of rock ; it 

 is also provincially applied to a kind of round 

 stone, common in the soils of the midland dis- 

 tricts. In the north of England it is pronounced 

 sometimes bowder or booder, and also boother. 



BOWLDER-WALL. A wall generally on 

 the sea-coast, constructed of large pebbles or 

 bowlders of flint, which have been rounded by 

 the action of water. 



BOW-LEGGED. In horsemanship, is a de- 

 fective conformation or posture of the fore-legs 

 of a horse. 



BOWS OF A SADDLE are two pieces of 

 wood laid archwise to receive the upper part 

 of the horse's back, to give the saddle its due 

 form, and keep it steady. 



BOX DRAIN. An underground drain, re- 

 gularly built, with upright sides, and a flat 

 stone or brick cover ; so that the close section 

 has the appearance of a square box. See 

 DRAINS and DRAINING. 



BOX TREE (Sax. box; It. bosso ; Fr. buis ; 

 Lat. Euxus sempervirens). We consider the 

 English name of this plant to be a corruption 

 of the Latin word buxiis, or from the Spanish 

 box, and that it gave the name to the wooden 

 cases made by the carpenter and turner, rather 

 than derived its own from these cases. The 

 box was formerly much more plentiful in 

 England than at present Boxwel, in Glou- 

 cestershire, was named from this tree, and it 

 also gave the name of Boxhill to those delight- 

 ful downs near Dorking, in Surry, where this 

 shrub seems to have grown naturally, as it is 

 known to have abounded there long before the 

 time that the Earl of Arundel retired to that 

 spot, and, as it is stated, planted the box. In 

 1815 the box trees cut down on Boxhill pro- 

 duced upwards of 10,000/. This evergreen 

 bush, or small tree, is found all over Europe, 

 as well as upon the chalk hills of England ; 

 but it acquires its largest dimensions in the 



south. 



The duty on box-wood is quite oppres- 

 215 



