CALANDRE. 



CAMELLIA 



whitish flowers standing in whorls or little 

 clusters surrounding the stalks, which are 

 square and very much branched. Calamint 

 should be gathered and dried just as it is com- 

 ing into flower. This herb is grown in almost 

 every garden; it is strong-scented, and of an 

 agreeable odour. Coles says it preserves meat 

 from taint. 



Pennyroyal calamint (Mentha pulegium, Eng. 

 Flor. vol. iii. p. 87) is a medicinal herb, and 

 should be planted in every herbalist's garden. 

 It grows a foot high, with firm stalks, small 

 leaves of a light green colour, and hairy, and 

 small white purplish flowers. The pennyroyal 

 calamint is more erect than its elder sister, and 

 has a stronger but less pleasant smell. It 

 must be dried with care, and given in infusion. 

 It is a popular remedy for hysterics, and in 

 deficiency of the periodical change in females; 

 but the plant and its infusion is rarely ordered 

 by professional men. A water arising from 

 the distillation of the plant, to produce its vola- 

 tile oil, is used as a vehicle for more important 

 drugs ; and the oil dropped on sugar and rub- 

 bed up with water as an oleosaccharum is 

 sometimes employed as a carminative and an 

 antispasmodic, in doses of two to five drops. 

 There is, also, an officinal spirit of pennyroyal, 

 which is used for the same purposes as the oil. 

 This aromatic plant must not be confounded 

 with the common pennyroyal of the United 

 States. See PENNYKOTAL. 



CALANDRE. A name given by French 

 writers to an insect of the scarabepus or beetle 

 tribe, which frequently does great injury in 

 granaries. It has two antennae or horns, form- 

 ed of a great number of round joints, and 

 covered with a soft and short down ; from the 

 anterior part of the head there is thrust out 

 a trunk, which is so formed at the end that the 

 creature easily makes way with it through the 

 coat or skin that covers the grain, and gets at 

 the meal or farina on which it feeds ; the inside 

 of the grain is also the place where the female 

 deposits her eggs. See Co UN WEEVIL. 



CALCAREOUS MARL. A mineral ferti- 

 lizer, extensively used in many parts of Europe 

 and the United States. See MAIIL. 



CALCAREOUS SOILS (from the Latin 

 calx') are soils which contain carbonate of 

 lime (chalk of limestone) in such a proportion 

 as to give it a determinate character. Calca- 

 reous sand is merely chalk or limestone di- 

 vided into pieces of the size of sand. This 

 variety abounds on the seashore in some parts 

 of the east of England, and is employed in 

 Devonshire and Cornwall to a very large ex- 

 tent as a manure, especially about Padstow 

 Harbour, from which bay many thousand tons 

 are annually carted by the Cornish farmers, 

 which they take free of toll, under a grant from 

 Richard Duke of Cornwall, another of the 

 45th of Henry III., A. i>. 1261. (Johnson on 

 Fertilizers,]). 17.) See CHALK; EARTHS, their 

 Uses to Vegetation; and SOILS. 



CALF, DISEASES OF (Sax. ceaip, caip; 



itch, kalf). See CATTLE. The most com- 

 ion diseases of calves are 



1. Navel III. The best treatment for this 

 dangerous disease is, 1st, to administer two or 

 three doses (each about a wine-glassful) of 

 250 



castor oil (linseed oil does just as well, and 

 is much cheaper) ; and, 2dly, cordials, which 

 may be made of 2 drachms of caraway-seeds, 

 2 do. of coriander-seeds, 2 do. powdered gen- 

 tian ; bruise the seeds, and simmer them in 

 beer or gruel for a quarter of an hour ; give 

 these once or twice a day. 



2. Constipation of the Bowels. For this doses 

 of castor oil (or linseed oil), of 2 or 3 oz., are 

 the best remedy. 



3. Diarrhoea, or Scouring. The farmer may 

 rely on the following mixture. Let him keep 

 it always by him; it will do for all sucking 

 animals : 



Prepared chalk 

 Canella bark, powdered 

 Laudanum 

 Water - 



4 ounces 

 1 

 1 

 1 pint. 



Give two or three table-spoonfuls, according 

 to the size of the animal, two or three times a 

 day. A table-spoonful or two of powdered 

 chalk may be given daily or every other day, 

 to calves whilst sucking, mixed in a little warm 

 milk. It prevents the milk from turning acid, 

 and thus checks the tendency to diarrhoea or 

 looseness. 



4. Hoose, or Catarrh. Good nursing, bleed- 

 ing, and then a dose of Epsom salts, with half 

 an ounce of ginger in it. (Youatt on Cattle, 

 p. 557.) 



CALKERS. A name given to the prominent 

 or elevated part of the extremities of the shoes 

 of horses, which are forged thin, and turned 

 downwards for the purpose of preventing their 

 slipping. It is sometimes written calkins or 

 cawkins. 



CALLUNA VULGARIS. The common 

 heath or ling. It abounds in peaty soils. (See 

 PEAT SOILS.) Its uses are considerable in 

 some districts for litter, and, when young, sheep 

 eat it. It is also shelter for grouse, and food 

 for bees. See LINO. 



CALVING OF COWS. The treatment be- 

 fore calving is to keep the cow moderately 

 well, neither too fat nor too lean ; remember 

 that she commonly has the double duty of 

 giving milk and nourishing the fostus;' dry 

 her some weeks before calving; let her bowels 

 be kept moderately open ; put her in a warm 

 sheltered place, or house her; rather reduce 

 her food; do not disturb her when in labour, 

 but be ready to assist her in case of need ; let 

 her have warm gruel; avoid cold drinks. A 

 pint of sound good ale in a little gruel is an 

 excellent cordial drink. 



CALYCANTHUS FLORIDTJS, the sweet- 

 scented shrub, or, as it is also sometimes called, 

 Carolina allspice. See SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB. 



CAM. A provincial term for a mound of 

 made earth. 



CAMELLIA JAPONICA. A beautiful ever- 

 green greenhouse shrub ; but if carefully at- 

 tended to it will blow in the open air. It bears 

 single, double, and semi-double flowers, in Feb- 

 ruary and March ; and they are red, white, 

 blush-coloured, and various other tints. Plant 

 it under a south wall, in good rich garden 

 mould mixed with sand ; and shelter it during 

 winter with mats, or keep it in a large pot. 

 It cannot endure the broiling mid-day sun. 

 Propagate by cuttings, layers, and grafts; 



