CART. 



CAST. 



of his hands only : whereas, in order to fill a i broad or narrow wheels, but the former are 



higher cart, not only the man's back, but his 

 arms and whole person must be exerted. To 

 the use of single horses in draught he has 

 heard no objection, unless it be the supposed 



preferable for farmwork. 



CARTER. An inferior sort of farm servant, 

 who has the care of driving and foddering the 

 team. He should always be chosen as steady, 



necessity of additional drivers created by it : regular, sober, and trustworthy as possible, and 



the fact, however, is, that it has no such effect; | be perfectly gentle and humane in his disposi- 



for horses once in the habit of going singly, 



will follow each other as uniformly and as 



steadily as they do when harnessed together ; otherwise his horses may be ill-treated, ne- 



and accordingly we see, says he, on the most I glected, overworked, or overfed, and much 



tion. It is of great importance to the farmer 

 to have a carter with these qualifications ; for 



frequented roads in Ireland, men conducting 

 three, four, or five single-horse carts each, 

 without any inconvenience to the passengers : 



fodder wasted. (Brit. Husb. vol. i. p. 170.) Le- 

 onard Mascal, nearly two centuries since, told 

 the carter of his day to " have patience in mo- 



such, likewise, is the case in England, in ] derate useing of his horses; and at all other 

 which lime and coal are generally carried. I times he ought to bear a love alwayes to his 

 (Young's Ann. of AST. vol. xxvii. p. 337.) And cattel, that his cattel may love him, not fearing 

 he might likewise have added, the single-horse him too much ; let him never use to beat them 



with the stock of his whip, but whip them with 

 he lash, and use them to the sound thereof, 

 and yet not often for dulling of them." 



CARTHAMUS, or SAFFLOWER (Charlha- 

 mus tinctorius), an annual plant cultivated in 

 Spain, Egypt, and the Levant, for its flower, 

 which is used in dyeing silks, &c., and in 

 making rouge. See SAFFROX. 



CART LODGE. A small outhouse for 

 sheltering carts from the weather. Farmers 

 should be very careful to place their carts, &c. 

 under proper shelter, when out of use, as they 

 will last much longer by this means than if 

 left exposed in the yard to the effects of the 

 weather ; for, as they are thus sometimes wet, 

 and sometimes dry, they soon rot, and become 

 unfit for use. The dust and dirt should also 

 be constantly washed off before they are laid 



up. 



There are some excellent observations on 



carts in some of the northern counties, where 

 one man manages two or three, and sometimes 

 more. 



The subject of carts has recently engaged 

 the attention of the Royal Agricultural Society 

 of England. Mr. Baker of Gloucestershire, 

 say>, in their Journ. vol. i. p. 429, " My land is 

 on a stiff clay ; my carts are on six-inch wheels, 

 and made to hold half the quantity that my 

 neighbours carry in theirs. My land is hilly; 

 my carts generally go with one horse; but up 

 hill, when loaded, another is put on before, 

 which comes down the hill with the next re- 

 turning cart. Thus, on a level ground, with 

 two carts, and two or perhaps \Vith three horses, 

 I take out the same quantity of dung that my 

 neighbours carry in their carts with never less 

 than three horses, and sometimes with four." 

 And in the Journ. of the Roy. Apr. Soc. of Eng. 

 vol. ii. p. 73, is a very good article by Mr. Han- 

 nam of Burcott, illustrated by engravings of the 

 one-horse cart, and of a new one of his own 

 construction. "The counties of Cumberland 

 and Westmoreland," he observes, ' have uni- 

 versally and immemorially used the one-horse- 

 cart. They have no other carriage for any 

 kind of agricultural produce, and never is the 

 addition of another horse on any occasion 

 seen." The practice, apparently originating 

 in economy, has long since spread into Dum- 

 friesshire ; and, according to Mr. Wilkie of 

 Uddingston, it is all but universal at the present 

 moment throughout the west of Scotland. 

 "My dung-carts," he adds, "are taken from the 



improved Cumberland cart, which measures 



60 inches long X 47$ inches wide X 17 inches 



deep = 1 cubic yard = 21 bushels ; and it tilts 



with a spring key-stick, which adjusts itself 



as the horse moves forward; the wheels are 



about 4 feet 6 inches high, and are set so far 



apart as to conveniently span two 27-inch 



ridges ; it weighs 8 cwt." There are a variety 



of carts peculiar to different counties, most of 



which are described, and drawings given, in ^ 



Lrit. Hush. vol. i. p. 159; from the heavy one- horses. Horses cast or shed their hair at least 



horse cart of the vicinity of London, to the | once a year. Every spring they cast the win- 



the necessity of care in the preservation of 

 agricultural implements by Mr. Crosskill of 

 Beverley. (Journ. of Roy. Jier. Soc. vol. ii. p. 

 150.) He advises that the implements should 

 all be placed under the care of one workman 

 on the farm, who should be encouraged to feel 

 a pride in showing his master's implements in 

 fine order. 



CARY'S CATTLE GAUGE. An instru- 

 ment made in the form and on ihe principle of 

 a slider rule, for ascertaining the weight of 

 live cattle, which is indicated in stones of 8 Ibs. 

 and 14 Ibs. (See Brit. Husb. vol. ii. foot note 

 at p. 393.) 



CASINGS. A provincial term, signifying 

 dried cow's dung, which is used in several 

 parts of England for fuel. 



CASK. A vessel of capacity, for holding 

 different sorts of liquids, or other matters. 

 See BARREL. 



CASSAVA. See TAPIOCA. 



CAST. A term applied to a swarm or flight 

 of bees (see BEES); and to poultry when they 

 lose their feathers or moult. It is also used to 

 denote the changing of the hair and hoofs of 



ight simple Irish or Yarmouth car, as well as 

 the improved car first introduced into Leices- 

 tershire by Bakewell. 



The carts of Pennsylvania are perhaps un- 

 surpassed in the United States for neatness 

 and strength. Either one, two, or three horses 

 are used, as circumstances may require, and 



ter coat, and gain a summer one ; and some- 

 times in the end of autumn they put on their 

 winter hair, in case they have been ill-fed, 

 curried, or clothed, or kept in a cold stable. 

 Occasionally they cast their hoofs: when this 

 happens, let them be turned oat into a pas- 



ture. 



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