CORN WEEVIL. 



COTTAGES. 



weeds by frequent hoeings, previously thinned 

 to four inches asunder. They should always 

 be eaten quite young. In summer, the whole 

 plant may be cut, as it scon advances to seed 

 at this season; but in spring and winter the 

 outer leaves only should be gathered. For the 

 production of seed some of the spring-raised 

 phants must be left ungathered. They flower 

 in June, and perfect their seed during the two 

 folio wing months. (G. W.Johnsons Kitch.Gard.; 

 Smith's Eng. Flor. vol. i. p. 44 ; Sinclair's Weeds, 

 p. 54.) 



CORN WEEVIL (Calandra granaria, Clair- 

 ville ; Curculio granaria, Linn.). This is an- 

 other extremely injurious insect to grain. See 

 GHAIV WEKVIL. 



CORNS, IN HORSES' FEET. This dis- 

 ease is produced by some hard substance press- 

 ing on the sole at the quarters, as from shoes 

 left on till the heels become buried in the hoof; 

 the fibrous substance which lies between the 

 sensible foot and the absolute horny hoof be- 

 comes inflamed by the pressure, and the infla- 

 mation produces a hardness of the spot, simi- 

 lar, if I may so express it, to a knot in a piece 

 of soft timber. Palliate the evil as well as you 

 can, by keeping the hoof constantly pared away 

 between the corn and the ground, but do not 

 wound in your vain endeavours to cut it out; 

 avoid the hot irons, &c.; let a bit of sponge be 

 softly put in, merely to keep out gravel and 

 keep the spot moist; and when the season ar- 

 rives, turn the horse out without any shoes, 

 into a soft marshy place, where his feet must 

 be in a constant moist state for three months 

 at least: by that time the hoof will be altogether 

 renewed, the diseased part will have grown out, 

 and if there is no new injury, there will be no 

 new corns. (E. Maunsell. See also, Lib. Use. 

 Know. THE HOUSE, p. 305. 



CORONET-BONE. The second of the con- 

 solidated phalanges of the horse's foot. 



COSSART, or COSSET (It. cassicrio, from 

 casa, the house). A lamb left by the death of 

 its dam before it is capable of providing for 

 itself; or a lamb taken from a ewe that brings 

 more than one. The term is also applied to a 

 colt, calf, &c. and sometimes written cot-lamb. 



COSTIVENESS. In farriery, a complaint 

 to which horses are often subject, occasioned 

 sometimes by violent or hard exercise, espe- 

 cially in hot weather; and at other times by 

 standing long at hard meat without grass or 

 other cleansing diet, and with very little ex- 

 ercise. 



COTTAGES. These for labourers are com- 

 monly constructed merely with a regard to 

 economy ; the comfort and health of their fu- 

 ture tenants being too often disregarded. Such 

 cottages should never consist of less than two 

 bedrooms, and a kitchen, and outhouse. They 

 will be found to be considerably more healthy 

 with wooden floors, raised above the level of 

 the surrounding ground. They should be well 

 furnished with windows, and the ceilings of 

 the rooms of a fair height, eight or nine feet 

 will not be too much to allow; they should 

 have as good gardens as possible. The plans 

 fofctheir formation, and the materials of which 

 they are composed, must vary with the locality. 

 358 



Mr. Gillespie has given one for a cottage with 

 a roof without wood, which he asserts could be 

 built in Scotland for 30/. (Com. Board of dgr. 

 vol. iv. p. 469.) There is also an essay by 

 Mr. Smith, on cottages for the labouring classes, 

 which may be consulted with advantage 

 (Trans. High. Soc. vol. iv. p. 205), and on cot- 

 tage windows (Qua,i. Jot<rn. of jlgr. p. 116), 

 and also on cottage premiums, and on the cot- 

 tages built on the estate of Lord Roseberry. 

 (Trans. High. Soc. vol. vi. p. 527.) 



By the erection of small, comfortable cot- 

 tages on poor waste lands, and the allotment 

 to each of a few acres of land, a field is opened 

 for the rapid recovery by the spade of barren 

 lands, and the profitable employment of the 

 landowner's capital, too little understood. By 

 merely deepening and mixing the soil, the cot- 

 tager can bring into cultivation lands, which 

 seern to defy all the powers of even the subsoil 

 plough. 



The following information relative to the 

 best modes of building cheap cottages is from 

 a report made to Congress by Henry L. Ells- 

 worth, see pp. 55 57. 



"After selecting a suitable spot of ground, as 

 near the place of building as practicable, let a 

 circle of ten feet or more be described. Let the 

 loam be removed, and the clay dug up one foot 

 thick, or, if clay is not found on the spot, let it 

 be carted in to that depth. Any ordinary clay 

 will answer. Tread this clay over with cattle, 

 and add some straw cut six or eight inches long. 

 After the clay is well tempered with working it 

 with the cattle, the material is duly prepared 

 for the making of brick. A mould is then 

 formed of plank, of the size of the brick de- 

 sired. In England, they are usually made 

 eighteen inches long, one foot wide, and nine 

 inches thick. I have found the more conve- 

 nient size to be one foot long, seven inches 

 wide, and five inches thick. The mould should 

 have a bottom. The clay is then placed in the 

 moulds in the same manner that brick moulds 

 are ordinarily filled. A wire or piece of iron 

 hoop will answer very well for striking off the 

 top. One man will mould about as fast as an- 

 other can carry away, two moulds being used 

 by him. The bricks are placed upon the level 

 ground, where they are suffered to dry two days, 

 turning them up edgewise the second day, and 

 then packed up in a pile, protected from the 

 rain, and left to dry ten or twelve days, during 

 which time the foundation of the building can 

 be prepared. If a cellar is desired, this must 

 be formed of stone or brick, one foot above the 

 surface of the ground. For cheap buildings 

 on the prairie, wood sills, twelve or fourteen 

 inches wide, may be laid on piles or stones. 

 This will form a good superstructure. Where 

 lime and small stones abound, grout made of 

 those materials (lime and stones) will answer 

 very well. 



" In all cases, however, before commencing 

 the walls for the first story, it is very desirable, 

 as well in this case as in walls of brick, to lay 

 a single course of slate ; this will intercept the 

 dampness so often rising in the walls of brick 

 houses. The wall is laid by placing the brick 

 lengthwise, thus making the wall one foot thick. 



