CULLEY. 



CULTIVATOR. 



plish flowers in July and August. The Miry, 

 or Marsh Giiiijihnliiiin, or Marsh Cudweed, with 

 an annual root, and stem four to six or eight 

 inches high, bearing flowers in dense clusters, 

 of a yellowish-tawny; growing in low grounds, 

 dried-up pods, &c. German Gnaphalium, or 

 Common Cudweed, an annual root, producing a 

 stem six to nine inches high : growing on dry 

 hills, old fields, &c., bearing flowers of a pale 

 tawny, or straw-colour. Many-headed Gnapha- 

 lium, called Life Everlasting, with an annual 

 root, and stem one to two feet high, growing in 

 old fields and pastures, flowering in August 

 and September, the blossoms being slender 

 and of a yellowish colour. An infusion of 

 this plant has enjoyed much reputation as a 

 popular remedy for dysentery. Pearly Gna- 

 pkultiiin (G. margariticum), a very handsome 

 species, with a perennial root, stem one to two 

 feet high, and beautiful white flowers. Dioicou* 

 Gucjik :lium, commonly called Mouse-ear Cud- 

 weed, with a perennial root, stem two or three 

 to six inches high. The White Plantain, or 

 Planiaiti-hend Cudweed, is a variety of this last 

 species. I See Flor. Cestric.') 



CULLEY. The name of a distinguished 

 family of farmers, to whom the agriculture of 

 England is under very considerable obliga- 

 tions. Two brothers of the family, Matthew 

 and George Culley, were seated originally on 

 their paternal property of Denton, at Gains- 

 ford, near Darlington (now, 1841, in the pos- 

 session of Mr. Matthew Culley), whence they 

 migrated in June, 1767, to Fenton, in Glendale, 

 county of Northumberland; and "on the 4th 

 of August in that year, on my road to a fair at 

 Kelso," says Mr. George Culley, in a letter to 

 Arthur Young (Ann. of Agr. vol. xx. p. 162), 

 4< I first saw a field of drilled turnips." "They 

 carried with them into Glendale," says Mr. 

 John Grey (Journ. of Roy. Agr. Soc. vol. ii. p. 

 152), "superior knowledge and intelligence, 

 which they at once brought to bear in their ex- 

 tensive undertakings with unremitting applica- 

 tion and perseverance. That they were suc- 

 cessful in their efforts is an undoubted fact. 

 Thus on the farm of Wark, near Coldstream, 

 which they entered in May, 1786, the crop was 

 valued to them from the preceding tenant, and 

 was estimated at 15 bushels per acre for oats, 

 and 9 for wheat. But the crop on the same 

 farm, after being in their occupation for fifteen 

 years, was estimated at 84 bushels per acre for 

 oats, 62 for wheat, and 72 for barley. (Ilnd. p. 

 158.) The rent of this farm of 1200 acres in 

 1786 was 800/.; in 1812 it was 3200/. Matthew 

 Culley died in 1805, in the 73d year of his age, 

 and George in 1814, aged 79, both in Glendale. 

 The Culleys were the warm friends and cor- 

 respondents of the celebrated Bakewell, of 

 Dishley, from whose flock they introduced the 

 breed of Leicester sheep, which is still a f re- 

 vailing kind in Northumberland; and this breed 

 is still preserved in a state of purity by the pre- 

 sent owner of Denton, Mr. Matthew Culley, to 

 whom I am indebted for several of the facts of 

 this memoir. The attention which they paid 

 to the improvement of their breed of live-stock 

 was unremitting, and with a success which was 

 equal to their labours. They had the public 

 spirit, too, not to conceal the improvements 



which they effected: they published one or two 

 valuable works, and were not unfrequently con- 

 tributors to the agricultural periodicals of the 

 day. Thus in the jinn, of Agr. vol. xiv. p. 180,- 

 there is a letter from Mr. George Culley in 

 praise of the Dishley breed of sheep ; and at 

 p. 470, on the wool, sheep, and corn of North- 

 umberland ; again on sheep, in vol. xvii. p. 347, 

 and vol. xix. p. 147; on turnips, vol. xx. p. 167. 



In 1786, George Culley published a useful 

 practical little book (Observations on Live Stock), 

 which was reprinted in 1795. Arthur Young 

 describes its author (Ann. of Agr. vol. xxiii. p. 

 519), as "a man of the most extensive prac- 

 tice, arid the deepest knowledge of his art." 

 He also published, in conjunction with Mr. 

 Bailey, the agricultural reports of Northumber- 

 land, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, 1797 

 1805. 



CULM. Among botanists, signifies straw or 

 haulm ; defined by Linnaeus to be the proper 

 stem of grasses, scitamineous plants, and the 

 like, which elevates the leaves, flower, and 

 fruit. This sort of stem is tubular or hollow, 

 and has frequently knots or joints, distributed 

 at certain distances through its whole length. 



CULMIFEROUS PLANTS. Such as pro- 

 duce culms, or have a smooth jointed stalk, 

 and their seeds enveloped in chaffy husks, 

 grass-like. 



Culmiferous crops include wheat, barley, 

 oats, rye, Indian corn, tobacco, cotton, &c., all 

 of which have stems mostly jointed. They are 

 all regarded as robbers and exhausters of the 

 soil, some in a far greater degree than others. 

 If cut green, or when in blossom, they are far 

 less so than when allowed to mature their 

 seeds. 



CULTIVATOR. A name given to imple- 

 ments of the horse-hoc kind, invented for stir- 

 ring the earth. The implements called culti- 

 vators are very extensively used in the United 

 Slates, being found particularly serviceable in 

 running between the rows of Indian corn, su- 

 gar beets, and other root crops planted in drills 

 or rows. They stir up and loosen the earth, 

 and at the same time keep it free from weeds 

 and grass. Their operation is somewhat be- 

 tween those of the plough and the harrow, and 

 as they do not penetrate very deep, they 

 leave below the manure and vegetable matter 

 of the sod turned under by the plough, and 

 at the same time do no injury to the roots of the 

 plants under culture, unless these are too far ad- 

 vanced in their growth. The cultivator should 

 general ly be run through a crop twice at a dress- 

 ing, and if the soil be stiff or grassy, it may be 

 passed oftener or renewed at short intervals. 

 | The implements most preferred in the United 

 ; States bear a strong resemblance to the horse- 

 ! hoes of Europe. They are made with teeth of 

 different forms, best adapted to the various pur- 

 ! poses, of skimming the surface and destroying 

 weeds, or for doing this and also breaking up 

 and pulverizing the earth. The best kind of 

 cultivators are those which are constructed 

 so as to admit of being made wide or narrow, 

 according to the width of the rows. They per- 

 form so much of the labour for which the hoe 

 and the plough were once resorted to, as to have 

 greatly lessened the expenses of tillage in the 

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