CUSTOMS OF BOUNTIES. 



CUSTOMS OF COUNTIES. 



till in his own way ; sometimes may dispose 

 of his hay and straw, sometimes not. Outgoer 

 ceases to work on the farm at Candlemas ; 

 but cuts the wheat crop at harvest; if the 

 wheat was after a fallow he takes two-thirds 

 of the crop, otherwise only one-half, and he 

 houses his own portion. He is commonly not 

 paid for grass-seeds, but where the custom va- 

 ries, he cuts the clover or grass, and takes 

 half the hay; the incomer taking the remain- 

 der, and paying the rent : he has no valuation 

 to pay of any kind. The dung he does not 

 pay for. 



Cornwall. Leases generally from 14 to 21 

 years. The outgoing tenant leaves the dung 

 for the incoming tenant. 



A tenant is bound not to exceed two white 

 crops without manure, using one hundred and 

 one bushels of lime per acre for the first crop. 

 When the land is sown with grass-seeds.it 

 must remain down for three years, and, except 

 in water meadows, he can only cut his grass 

 once in the season, unless he dresses it \vith 

 manure. He may sell hay, but the straw of 

 wheat only ; he is obliged also to feed a cer- 

 tain number of acres of grass, and whatever 

 manure he makes must be left by the outgoing 

 tenant free of charge. 



Cumberland. Tenants enter at Lady-day into 

 the farm, but not into the house till May-day. 

 Leases commonly for three, seven, or nine 

 years. The tenant commonly bound to plough 

 the land in such proportions that a certain 

 part may remain in grass for three years. Is 

 prohibited from having two white crops in 

 succession, and must leave as much land 

 sown with grass-seeds as he found on the 

 farm. Cannot sell hay or straw, and must ap- 

 ply not less than sixty bushels of lime per 

 acre for his wheat or turnips after a fallow. 

 The outgoer retains possession of the house 

 and premises for cattle till May-day. Is paid 

 for whatever crops he leaves which he him- 

 self paid for when he took the farm. Leaves 

 all the straw and manure for the incomer's 

 benefit. 



Derby. Tenants chiefly yearly tenants from 

 Lady-day. The land almost entirely pastu- 

 rage. The tenant is usually restricted from 

 breaking these up without permission, even if 

 he lays down arable land in lieu of it. He 

 cannot sell either hay or straw. The outgoing 

 tenant is not paid for either manure or straw; 

 he always sows the wheat, but is not paid for 

 any fallows or ploughings which may have 

 been done at his expense to promote the 

 growth of it; he receives, however, two-thirds 

 of the wheat if a fallow crop, or one-half if a 

 brush cropland for the seed crops he is allowed 

 for seed and labour. 



Devon. In the west, entry at Michaelmas ; 

 in the east at Lady-day, with privilege of entry 

 on the land at Midsummer to prepare for 

 wheat. The tenant usually restrained from 

 taking more than two white crops for a fallow, 

 or sowing two wheat crops successively, with- 

 out a fallow or green crop between them 

 Must use a certain quantity of lime per acre 

 for his barley or wheat crop, and leave the 

 same quantity of land for wheat at the expira- 

 tion of his lease that he found on taking pos 

 48 



session. He has the liberty of selling hay 

 and wheat straw, and at the end of his lease 

 the hay also. A Lady-day holder receives 

 from his successor the value of the wheat 

 upon the ground, and the young clovers or 

 other grass seeds by valuation. A Michael- 

 mas tenant can only receive the value of the 

 seeds ; but in either case he freely leaves all 

 he dung for his successor. 



Essex. The farmer in Essex commonly 

 lolds by leases of 7 or 14 years ; entry at 

 Michaelmas both of house and land. He 

 usually covenants to farm on the four-shift 

 system, dressing and fallowing after every 

 hird crop, and never to take two white crops 

 n succession : on pasture land, however, he 

 s commonly unrestrained. He may carry 

 also hay or straw, but for every load of either 

 he is bound to bring back a load of dung, and 

 near London two loads are required for every 

 load of straw, and one for every load of hay. 

 The outgoing tenant sows the Michaelmas 

 rop, and is paid by valuation for one year's 

 improvement, which includes the labour, the 

 seed, and the manure he has laid out upon the 

 ground from the preceding Michaelmas. He 

 is allowed for the seeds, for ploughing, harrow- 

 ! rolling, which a summer fallow has 

 undergone, for the manure laid on, and for the 

 carting of it, and for all the unspread dung, or 

 other manure on the farm. The outgoer has 

 the use of the barns for his crop. The in- 

 comer claims the straw and chaff on condition 

 of his thrashing the corn, and carrying it to 

 market. The incomer has the Michaelmas 

 crops, the hay, turnips, and young seeds valued 

 to him, with all the seed, labour, and manure 

 bestowed upon them. 



Hertford. Leases 7 or 14 years from Lady- 

 day. Mode of cultivation varies ; sometimes 

 two crops and a fallow, in others, the four- 

 course system. The tenant may sell hay and 

 wheat straw, but no other straw. The out- 

 ^nint; tenant takes an offgoing crop of both 

 spring and Michaelmas crops, and pays for 

 the ground they stand upon till harvest. He 

 must use, however, the last year's straw upon 

 the premises, and he leaves all the dung for 

 the incoming tenant. 



Kent. Much of the land of Kent, as in other 

 counties, is held by the year, but a larger por- 

 tion is rented under leases of 7 to 14 years ; 

 the tenant entering at Michaelmas.* 



The farmer is usually restrained from sell- 

 ing hay or straw; or, if he is allowed to dispose 

 of them, it is on condition of his bringing on to 

 the farm a certain quantity of dung. He is 

 usually not much restricted in his mode of 

 cultivation. He is commonly prevented from 

 having more than two white crops to a fallow. 

 The outgoing tenant thrashes his last crop, 

 and sells the straw to the incomer; and if he 

 is obliged to feed the hay upon the premises, 

 this is commonly valued also at a feeding out 

 price. He is paid also for the labour bestowed 

 upon the summer fallows, which he has the 

 privilege of sowing up to the time of his quit- 

 ting the farm ; he rs also paid for the seed and 

 labour both for the turnips and the grasses ; 

 for the whole of the manure, and labour of 

 carting and spreading the manure of the last 

 2 i 2 377 



