DRAINING. 



DRAINING. 



- 



In many situations, where a spring is to be | 

 reached, it is very de- 

 sirable to form a well 

 by the side of the drain, 

 according to the annexed 

 outline. (Trans. High. 

 Soc. vol. i. p. 223.) A 

 very common modern 

 mode of constructing 

 the drain is according to the form 

 in fig. 12. Loose mould or gravel 

 is placed at the top to the depth of 

 1 foot. Sod, straw, heath, or rushes 

 4 inches; and then land stones 1 

 foot 8 inches thick surround the 

 draining tiles. 



The drain tiles, bricks, or other materials, 

 are covered with any porous material that the 

 locality affords. Stones, gravel, scoria, refuse 

 of the foundries, ashes, peat, moss, sods, brush- 

 wood, straw, heath, ling, rushes, broken chalk, 

 &c. (Trans. High. Soc. vol. vi. p. 89.) There 

 are three very valuable papers on tile draining 

 in this volume by Mr. Carmichael (p. 81), Mr. 

 Stirling (p. 100), Mr. Wilson (p. 112); and on 

 drainage, by Mr. Black (Ibid. vol. i. p. 214); 

 by Mr. Adam (p. 375), who considers the best 

 sloped tile to be one similar to that of the 

 Marquis of Tweeddale's; by Mr. Dudgeon 

 (Ibid. vol. ii. p. 71) ; by Mr. Macleord of Lock- 

 more (Ibid, p.- 103); oh draining clay soils by 

 Mr. Carmichael (Ibid. vol. iii. p. 34) ; on un- 

 derground draining (Quart. Journ. Jlgr. vol. v. 

 p. 232); on "making drain tiles of peat (Ibid. 

 vol. vii. p. 246) as a source of profitable put- 

 lay for capital (Ibid. vol. viii. p. 318, 540); on 

 draining, and on the mole plough, by Mr. Aiton 

 (Ibid. vol. ix. p. 388) ; on plug or clay draining, 

 by Mr. Evans (Ibid. vol. iv. p. 501, and vol. ii. 

 p. 68) ; on substituting tubes made of larch- 

 wood for drain tiles in certain localities, by 

 Mr. Scott (Trans. High. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 431, and 

 Ibid. vol. xiv. p. 99). He estimates that these 

 square tubes, having a clear waterway of 2 

 inches by 2, made by the proprietor, having 

 his own wood and sawmill, to be, for work- 

 manship, about one penny per rood of 18 feet : 

 they are pierced with auger holes in every 

 part, and made in the following shapes, being 

 fastened together with wooden pegs. 



ON- AS ALUMINOUS CLAY. 



Mr. Wilson calculates the average expense 

 with stones per rood to be 7s. Sd. (Quart. Journ. 

 Jgr. vol. i. p. 242.) Mr. Yule at per rood of 

 21 feet, 2 feet 9 inches deep with 3 inch tiles, 

 at Is. 0^.; with 4 inches, 4$ to 5 feet deep, 

 Is. 3^rf. ; with 6 inch tiles, the same depth, la. 

 5}d. (Ibid. p. 397.) 



The expense of tile draining has been thus 

 estimated by Mr. Carmichael (Trans. High. Soc. 

 vol. vi. p. 98) at per imperial acre ; tiles being 

 2*. 6d. per 100, and soles Is. 6rf. per 100. 

 53 



With regard to the cost of thorough draining 

 in Scotland, Mr. Stephens gives the following 

 details, drawn from actual experiments : 



Opening drains 33 inches deep and 7 inches wide at bot- 

 tom, at 5Jrf. per rood or rod of 6 yards. 

 Preparing stones, 4 inches in diameter, at Ad. per rood. 

 Carriage of stones, at t ' </. per rood. 

 Unloading carts and moving screen-barrow, )d. per rood. 

 Filling hi earth, *</. per rood. 

 Extra expense in the main drains about 10*. per acre. 



Another statement for drains of rather smaller 

 size, viz. : 



28 inches deep.J inches wide at bottom, allows 4<J. per 



rood of 6 yards for opening. 

 Preparing stone, at '-!'.</. per rood. 

 Carriage of stones, at 2}d. per rood. 

 Unloading carts and moving screen-barrow, at 2J</. per 



rood. 



Filling in earth, at !]</. per rood. 

 Extra expense in the main drains, 10*. per acre. 



In computing the cost in Scotland of the la- 

 bour in draining with stones, the hire of the 

 horse is put down at 3*. 4rf., the man's wages 

 Is. 8rf., and that of the driver lOrf. per day. 

 Taking into consideration the necessary num- 

 ber of drains required, the first estimate makes 

 the cost, supposing each imperial acre to con- 

 tain 70 roods of drains of 6 yards each, 4, 12*. 

 6rf. ; the .second estimate 3, 8s. 4rf. per acre. 



Mr. Stirling estimates the expense of drain- 

 ing per imperial acre (Trans. High. Soc. vol. vi. 

 p. Ill), to be, 



Brushivood and Straw Draining. When tiles, 

 stones, and other materials best adapted to the 

 construction of drains cannot be procured, brush, 

 straw, or even sod, has been employed to fill 



* Carts of stones. 



f Stone drains. 

 417 



