FRUIT-WEEVIL. 



FUMITORY. 



received within, which generally causes it to 

 ripen before its time. 



" Soon after the half-grown apples drop, and 

 sometimes while they are still hanging, the 

 worms leave them and creep into chinks in 

 the bark of the trees or into other sheltered 

 places, which they hollow out with their teeth 

 to suit their shape. Here each one spins for 

 itself a cocoon or silken case, as thin, delicat j, 

 and white as tissue paper. Some of the apple- 

 worms, probably the earliest, are said by Kollar 

 to change to chrysalids immediately after their 

 cocoons are made, and in a few days more 

 turn to moths, come out, and lay their eggs for 

 a second generation of the worms ; and hence 

 much fruit will be found to be worm-eaten in 

 the autumn. Most of the insects, however, 

 remain in their cocoons through the winter, 

 and are not changed to moths till the following 

 summer. The chrysalis is of a bright maho- 

 gany-brown colour, and has, as usual, across 

 each of the rings of its hind-body, two rows 

 of prickles, by the help of which it forces its 

 way through the cocoon before the moth 

 comes forth. 



" As the apple- worms instinctively leave the 

 fruit soon after it falls from the trees, it will 

 be proper to gather up all wind-fallen apples 

 daily, and make such immediate use of them 

 as will be sure to kill the insects, before they 

 have time to escape. Mr. Burrelle says that if 

 any old cloth is wound around or hung, in the 

 crotches of the trees, the apple-worms will 

 conceal themselves therein ; and by this means 

 thousands of them may be obtained and de- 

 stroyed, from the time when they first begin to 

 leave the apples, until the fruit is gathered. 

 By carefully scraping off the loose and rugged 

 bark of the trees, in the spring, many chrysa- 

 lids will be destroyed ; and it has been said 

 that the moths, when they are about laying 

 their eggs, may be smothered or driven away, 

 by the smoke of weeds burned under the trees. 

 The worms, often found in summer pears, ap- 

 pear to be the same as those that affect apples, 

 and are to be kept in check by the same 

 means." (Harris.) 



FRUIT-WEEVIL. See CURCULIO; PLUM- 

 WEEVIL. 



FUEL (Norm. Tr.fuayk). Any combusti- 

 ble substance which is used for the production 

 of heat constitutes a species of fuel ; but the 

 term is more properly limited to coal, coke, 

 charcoal, wood, and a few other substances. 



In England, coal, from its abundance and 

 cheapness, is the commonly employed fuel ; 

 but where wood is abundant, or where its 

 value is little more than that of felling it, it is 

 used either in its original state, or in the form 

 of charcoal. It is essential to good and profit- 

 able fuel that it should be free from moisture ; 

 for unless it be dry, much of the heat which it 

 generates is consumed in converting its moist- 

 ure into vapour; hence the superior value of 

 old, dense, and dry wood, to that which is por- 

 ous and damp. A pound of dry wood will, for 

 instance, heat 35 pounds of water from 32 

 to 212, and a pound of the same wood in a 

 moist or fresh state will nat heat more than 25 

 pounds from the same to the same tempera- 

 ture ; the value, therefore, of different woods 

 510 



for fuel is nearly inversely as their moisture, 

 and this may be roughly ascertained by finding 

 how much a given weight of their shavings 

 loses by drying them at 212. 



The following table exhibits at one view the 

 power of various species of wood in producing 

 heat. 



The number indicates the quantity of timber 

 in pounds, required to raise the temperature 

 of a cubic foot of water from 52 to 212. 



lb<. 



Oak chips ....... 4-20 



Elm 3-52 



Fir.----.-. 3 52 



Ash -.-._--. 3-50 

 Hornbeam ....... 3-37 



Cherry tree ------- 3-20 



Beech 3-16 



Lime tree ....... 3-10 



, Poplar- ..-.._. 3 10 



Maple - 

 Service tree 



- 3-00 



- 3-00 



The value of turf and peat, as fuel, is liable 

 to much variation, and depends partly upon 

 their density, and partly upon their freedom 

 from earthy impurities. A pound of turf will 

 heat about 26 pounds of water from 32 to 212, 

 and a pound of dense peat about 30 Ibs. : by 

 compressing and drying peat its value as a 

 fuel is greatly increased. Dr. M'Culloch has 

 divided peat into five classes : mountain peat, 

 marsh peat, lake peat, forest peat, and marine 

 peat; the names implying the locality of theii 

 production. Of these the mountain peat, from 

 its loose, spongy texture, is the least produc- 

 tive of heat, although it soonest inflames. The 

 reader is referred to an excellent essay "on, 

 economizing Fuel and Lighting," &c. by the 

 Rev. P. Bell, in the Trans, of High. Soc. vol. iv. 

 p. 149. See CHARCOAL and PEAT. (Branded 

 Diet, of Science ; WillicWs Dom. Encyc.) 



FULLER'S THISTLE (Dipsacus fullonum). 

 A name sometimes applied to a plant used by 

 the makers of cloth. See TEASEL. 



FULLER'S EARTH. A native sapona- 

 ceous mineral of the aluminous kind, found in 

 many parts, but the best comes from the south 

 of England and Saxony. It is much used by 

 fullers in cleaning and scouring their cloth, 

 from its property of absorbing grease. It is 

 of a very soft, unctuous nature, falls to pieces 

 in water, and appears to be capable of pro- 

 moting the growth of plants in a high degree; 

 consequently may be used with advantage as 

 manure, on some of the lighter sorts of land. 

 Its constituents, according to Klaproth, are as 

 follows : 



100- 



100- 



FUMITORY (Fumaria, from fumus, smoke, 

 alluding to the disagreeable smell of the plant, 

 Our English word fumitory is derived from the 

 French name of the genus Fumeterre). There 

 are six indigenous species of fumitory, 

 which are : 



