GALLOWAY. 



GARDENING. 



when galloping, carry their bodies perfectly in 

 a horizontal posture, and the fewer curves or 

 successive arches are described, the more 

 rapid of course is their progress. 



In galloping, the fore-legs are thrown for- 

 ward nearly simultaneously, and the hind-legs 

 brought up quickly and nearly together; it is, 

 in fact, a succession of leaps, by far the greatest 

 interval of time elapsing while the legs are ex- 

 tended after the leap is taken. The canter is 

 to the gallop very much what the walk is to the 

 trot, though probably a more artificial pace. 

 The exertion is mach less, the spring less 

 distant, and the feet come to the ground in 

 more regular succession. (The Horse, p. 413.) 



GALLOWAY. The usual name for a poney 

 or saddle-horse, between 13 or 14 hands in 

 height. The original galloways are a pure 

 breed of small, elegant horses from the south 

 of Scotland, said to be of Spanish extraction. 

 See HOUSE. 



GALLOWAYS. See CATTLE. 



GALLOWS OF A PLOUGH. A part of the 

 plough-head, so named by farmers, from its 

 resemblance to the common gallows. It con- 

 sists of three pieces of timber, of which one is 

 placed transversely over the heads of the other 

 two. See PLOUGH. 



GALLS. In farriery, a term signifying an 

 abrasion or rubbing off of the skin by the har- 

 ness, saddle, &c. The little tumours resulting 

 from the pressure of the saddle are called war- 

 bles, and when they ulcerate they frequently be- 

 come sit-fasts. For saddle galls there is no 

 better application than strong salt and water, 

 mixed with a fourth part of tincture of myrrh. 

 The saddle and the collar, when they are found 

 to rub or gall, should be padded or chambered. 

 A mixture of white-lead moistened with milk is 

 stated (Quart. Journ. of Agr. vol. ix. p. 299), to 

 be an excellent liniment for galled backs in the 

 early stages of the wound. It is a common 

 American remedy. "For the information of 

 other travellers, we may mention," says Mr. 

 Keating, " that, after having tried many appli- 

 cations to the backs of horses when galled, we 

 have found none that have succeeded so well 

 as white-lead moistened with milk. When milk 

 is not to be procured, oil may be substituted. 

 Whenever the application was made in the 

 early stage of the wound, we have found it to 

 be very effectual ; and it is likewise a conve- 

 nient one, as two ounces of white-lead sufficed 

 for the whole of our party for more than a 

 month." (Expedition to St. Peter's River, p. 190.) 



GALLS. In agriculture, a term signifying 

 vacant or bare places in a crop. 



GAM A GRASS (Tripsacum dactyloides), Fin- 

 ger-like Tripsacum, called also Sessame grass 

 and Rough-seeded gama grass. (See PL 7, n.) 

 This stout and very remarkable grass has a 

 perennial root. The culm rises to the height 

 of 4, 5, or 6 feet, is somewhat compressed, 

 channelled on one side, smooth, solid with pith, 

 furnished with nodes or knots, smooth, slightly 

 raised, with a dark-brown contracted ring. The 

 leaves are large, often measuring 3 feet, and 

 an inch to an inch and a half wide, smooth be- 

 neath, roughish on the upper surface, serrulate 

 or finely jagged on the edges. Flower a dark 

 purple ; seed ovoid and smooth. 



" A few years ago," says Dr. Darlington, in 

 his Flora Cestrica, "this grass was much ex- 

 tolled by some writers in the West, as an arti- 

 cle of fodder for stock. The leaves and young 

 plant may probably answer very well where 

 better cannot be had ; but any one who will 

 examine the coarse culms of the mature plant 

 may soon satisfy himself that it can never su- 

 persede the good hay of this region (the Middle 

 States), nor be as valuable in any respect as 

 common Indian corn fodder." It is the only 

 species of the genus Tripsacum which is indi- 

 genous in the United States, the T. monostachyon 

 of some authors being only a variety. It has 

 been found in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 



From some communications in American 

 periodicals, the garaa grass appears to be par- 

 ticularly well adapted to Southern culture. It 

 is exceedingly productive, being said to admit 

 of at least six cuttings in a season, and to fur- 

 nish a large quantity of palatable and nutri- 

 cious food for cattle and horses. It is a hardy 

 perennial plant, and its duration, according to 

 a Spanish proverb, coeval with the "age of 

 a man and a mule." (Silk Culturist.} The 

 modes of culture are by planting the seeds and 

 transplanting the roots. Mr. Beekman, of Kin- 

 derhook, N. Y., gives the following directions : 

 " Sow in drills 18 inches apart, and cover about 

 2 inches deep. In a month it will come up like 

 oats, and when about 8 inches high and two 

 suckers appear, one on each side, then trans- 

 plant about 3 by 2 feet. The second year in 

 Georgia the first cutting may be made in May, 

 and once every month to 1st October, say six 

 cuttings. The blades will be 3 feet or upwards 

 each forming a large bunch, which may be 

 annually divided into from 40 to 50 plants." 



The variety of gama grass so much vaunted 

 in the Southern and Western States is said to 

 be a hermaphrodite plant from the island of 

 Jamaica, where it is extensively cultivated as 

 a forage grass. 



GARDENING. There is not in the arts and 

 sciences one link of their circle so suitable for 

 the occupation of man in a state of innocence, 

 as that which embraces the cultivation of 

 plants ; and it is an instance of the beneficent 

 providence of the Deity, that he assigned a gar- 

 den as the dwelling of our first-created parents. 

 It is no consequence of the fall of Adam that 

 plants require cultivation: he was placed in. 

 Paradise to till and to keep it. Then the weed 

 had not sprung up to render the tillage toil- 

 some; fruit trees which God had "planted'* 

 were the chief objects of care, and it was an 

 employment without much labour, combining 

 the preservation of health with amusement, 

 pure without insipidity, constant without same- 

 ness. From that period gardens have never 

 ceased to engage the attention of man ; and 

 even now that their labours are manifold, they 

 still afford the " purest of human pleasures." 



To be an efficient cultivator of plants, a 

 knowledge of botany is requisite. Whilst that 

 science remained the chaos of unarranged 

 facts, and ill-classified individuals, which it 

 was until the master-mind of Linnaeus reduced 

 its confusion and discord to harmony in 1737, 

 it required for its acquisition the devotion of a 

 life. Such acquisition the new system of classi- 



515 



