HORSE-HOE. 



Garrett's Horse-hoe. This horse-hoe, invented 

 by the manufacturers, Garrett and Son, of 

 Leiston, Suffolk, is suited to all methods of drill 

 cultivation, whether broad, stetch, or ridge 

 ploughing ; and is adapted to hoeing corn of 

 all kinds as well as roots. The peculiar ad- 

 vantages of this implement are that the width 

 of the hoes may be increased or diminished to 

 suit all lands, or methods of planting ; the axle- 

 tree being movable at both ends, either wheel 

 may be expanded or contracted, so as always 

 to be kept between the rows of plants. 



The shafts are readily altered, and put to any 

 part of the frame, so that the horses may either 

 walk in the furrow, or in any direction, to avoid 

 injury to the crop. 



Each hoe, or each pair of hoes, works on a 

 lever independent of the others; so that no part 

 of the surface to be cut, however uneven, can 

 escape ; and in order lo accommodate this im- 

 plement to the consolidated earth of the wheat 

 crop, and also the more loosened top of spring 

 corn, roots, &c., the hoes are pressed in by dif- 

 ferent weights being hung upon the ends of 

 each lever, and adjusted by keys or chains, to 

 prevent their going beyond the proper depth. 



And what has hitherto been an objection to 

 the general use of the horse-hoe is avoided in 

 this, by adopting a mode of readily shifting the 

 hoes, by a plan similar to that of the steerage, 

 so that the hoes may be guided to the greatest 

 nicety. This implement is so constructed that 

 the hoes may be set to a varying width, from 

 seven inches to any wider space ; the inverted 

 hoes are preferred when the distance between 

 the rows is sufficient to admit two of them ; 

 or any other form that may be considered best 

 for the purpose. 



Lord Dude's Expanding Horse-hoe. The pa- 

 rallel expanding horse-hoe is used for hoeing 

 drill crops, and is constructed principally of 

 wrought iron : it has five tines, and can be 

 regulated to any width, from 12 to 27 inches, 

 with the greatest facility, so that the tine shall 

 always present its edge to what it has to cut: 

 this is effected by the support of each tine 

 moving parallel with the beam : it is worked 

 on the principle of the parallel rule ; the ma- 

 chine has one wheel in front, with a tiller for 

 the horse to yoke to : the depth it enters into 

 the ground is regulated by raising or lowering 

 the wheel ; there is a pair of handles for the 

 man who attends the machine to steady it by. 



Grant's Horse-hoe, and Moulding Plough. By 

 substituting mould-boards in the place of the 

 wrought iron frame and hoes, this horse-hoe 

 becomes a moulding plough. 



White's Double-action Turnip Hoe. This im- 

 plement is constructed so that it may be used 

 with only one horse and a man, and is intend- 

 ed to hoe either broadcast, drilled, or ridged 

 turnips. It hoos two rows lengthways and 

 crossways at one time when necessary. It 

 can be set to suit the drills at any distance, 

 from 15 to 30 inches, and to leave the distance 

 Df each turnip 9, 12, or 15 inches apart It 

 may be used also as a scarifier by removing 

 the cross-cut hoes, and replacing them with ' 

 spear-footed tines. (See Cultivator.) 



HORSE MINT (Mentha sylvestris). A spe- 

 cies of wild mint, growing freely in waste 



HORSE-RADISH. 



ground, especially in watery places. It is a 

 perennial, blowing dense crowded whorls of 

 small, pale purple flowers in August and Sep- 

 tember in England. The whole herb is of a 

 hoary or grayish green, clothed with fine soft 

 downy hairs, and exhaling a strong peculiar 

 scent. The stems are 2 or 3 feet high, rather 

 bluntly quadrangular; the leaves nearly ses- 

 sile, 1^ to 2 inches long, spreading, strongly 

 and sharply serrated, acute ; their upper sur- 

 face hoary; under, shaggy, with dense soft 

 white hairs. It affords oil by distillation with 

 water. The infusion of it allays sickness. 



The plant commonly called Horse Mint, in 

 the United States, is the monarda fistulosa of 

 botanists sometimes called Wild Bcrgamot. 

 It has a perennial root, and stem 2 or 3 feet 

 high, branched, mostly hairy, especially at the 

 joints and towards the summits. The violet- 

 purplish or often greenish-white or flesh-co- 

 loured flowers are pubescent or downy. This, 

 says Dr. Darlington, is a variable plant; and 

 Mr. Bentham has reduced several species of 

 preceding authors into this one. Five or six 

 additional species of Monarda are enumerated 

 in the United States. (Flora Cestrica.) 



HORSE POWER, in steam-engines, is esti- 

 mated by Mr. Watt at 32,000 pounds avoirdu- 

 pois lifted one foot high per minute for one 

 horse. M. D'Aubuisson, from an examination 

 of the work done by horses in the whims or 

 gigs (machines d molettes) for raising ore from 

 the mines at Freyberg, the horses being of 

 average size and strength, has concluded that 

 the usual effect of a horse yoked during eight 

 hours, by two relays of four hours each, in a 

 manege or mill course, may be estimated at 40 

 kilogrammes raised 1 metre per second, which 

 is nearly 16,440 pounds raised one foot per 

 minute; being very nearly one-half of Mr. 

 Watt's liberal estimate for the work of his 

 steam-engines. 



HORSE-RADISH (Cochlearia armoracia 

 from cochlear, a spoon, the form of the leaves 

 being rather hollow, resemble an old-fashioned 

 spoon). The horse-radish delights in a deep, 

 mouldy, rich soil, kept as much as possible in 

 a moderate but regular degree of moistness ; 

 tience the banks of a ditch, or other place 

 which has a constant supply of water, is a 

 most eligible situation for the beds, so that 

 they do not lie so low as to have it in excess, 

 [f the soil is poor, the roots never attain any 

 considerable size ; and the same effect is pro- 

 duced if grown in a shady place, or beneath 

 he drip of trees. Should the ground require 

 to be artificially enriched, Mr. J. Knight re- 

 commends leaf mould, or other thoroughly de- 

 cayed vegetable substance, to be dug in to the 

 depth at which the sets are intended to be 

 ilanted. If cow or horse-dung is from ne- 

 cessity employed, it should be in a highly pu- 

 rescent state. Horse-radish flowers in June, 

 Hit in England seldom perfects its seed ; con- 

 sequently it is propagated by sets, which are 

 provided by cutting the main root and offsets 

 into lengths of two inches. The tops or crowns 

 of the roots form the best ; those taken from the 

 centre never becoming so soon fit for use, or 

 of so fine a growth. Each set should have at 

 least two eyes, for without one they refuse to 



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