TOUCH-ME-NOT. 



TREES. 



lures, heaths, and bushy places. The stem is 

 slender, ascending, branched. The woody red 

 roots are so astringent as to be used in the 

 western isles of Scotland for tanning leather, 

 for which purpose they are superior even to 

 oak bark. The root is likewise one of the most 

 efficacious of English indigenous aromatic as- 

 tringents, and may be used with great effect in 

 cases where medicines of this class are proper; 

 namely, in chronic purgings. It is usually 

 given in decoction, but is best administered in 

 powder. 



2. Trailing tormentil (T. replant). This spe- 

 cies grows sparingly about the borders of fields 

 and hedges. The stems are 2 feet long, hairy, 

 prostrate, but not creeping ; the leaves com- 

 posed of 5 leaflets, obovate, strongly serrated, 

 bright green, on long hairy footstalks. Flower 

 of a full yellow, twice the size of the foregoing. 

 Stipules undivided. It is also astringent, but 

 kss so than its congener. 



TOUCH-ME-NOT. See BALSA*. 



TOWER-MUSTARD (Turritig, from turrit, 

 a tower; the foliage is so disposed on the stems 

 as to give them a pyramidal form, and for the 

 same reason the plants are called tower-mus- 

 tard). The species are hardy annuals : one, 

 the smooth tower-mustard (T. glabra), is indi- 

 genous, and grows wild on banks and by road- 

 sides, in a dry gravelly soil. The flowers are 

 numerous, closely corymbose, pale sulphur- 

 coloured. Pods very long and slender, on 

 short stalks. Seeds about 60 in each cell, very 

 small. 



TRACTION. See CAHTB, HOUSE, ROAD, 

 STRENGTH, &c. The reader may also consult 

 a very able essay "On Draught" in Professor 

 Youatt's work on The Horse, of which our space 

 will not allow us to give even an outline. 



TRANSPLANTING. The act of removing 

 either cuttings, layers, roots, or entire plants, 

 from one soil into another. See PLANTING and 

 PROPAGATION. 



TRAPA NATANS. This plant grows in 

 ponds, and is eaten like the chestnut. The 

 canal of Versailles is covered with the plant, 

 and the root is sometimes served up at table. 



TRAVELLER'S JOY. See CLEMATIS. 



TREACLE- MUSTARD (Erytimum, from 

 erion, to draw and cure : it is popularly reck- 

 oned a cure for a sore throat, and is also said 

 to draw and produce blisters). An extensive 

 genus of plants, possessing warm and pungent 

 qualities. The leaves are simple, often lanceo- 

 late, and nearly entire. Flowers corymbose, 

 yellow, sulphur-coloured, or white. Pods in 

 very long upright clusters. There are in Eng- 

 land three indigenous annual species. 1. The 

 worm-seed treacle-mustard (E. cherianthaides) ; 

 2. The garlic treacle-mustard (E. alliaria), 

 known also under the local names of Jack-by- 

 the-hedge, or sauce-alone. 3. Hare's-ear trea- 

 cle-mustard (E. orientale'). The second is the 

 most common. The whole herb is smooth, 

 shining, deep green, and exhales, when bruised, 

 the smell of garlic ; and the seeds are stronger 

 than the other parts of the plant. The stem is 

 a foot high, somewhat branched. The leaves 

 stalked, cordate, acute, veiny, and broadly ser- 

 rated. The flowers are white. The pods erect, 

 smooth, on a spreading stalk, The peasantry 



eat the young leaves with bread and butter. 

 See HEDGE MUSTARD. 



TREES are divided naturally into two prin- 

 cipal classes, namely, fruit and timber trees : 

 the former includes all such as are raised 

 chiefly, or entirely, for their edible fruit, an ac- 

 count of which, together with their modes of 

 cultivation, the reader will find in alphabetical 

 order, and also in the articles FRUIT, ORCHARD, 

 PRUNING, &c. 



The second division comprehends those 

 trees, the wood of which is employed in ship- 

 building, machinery, or for other useful pur- 

 poses, such as the oak, elm, larch, &c., the 

 culture of which has been discussed under 

 those respective heads. For the diseases of 

 trees, see AMERICAN BLIGHT, CANKER, MIL- 

 DEW, &c. 



By timber, in English law, is intended only 

 such trees as are considered fit and proper by 

 the custom of the country to be employed in 

 building or repairing houses ; and timber trees 

 are those which are of 20 years' growth. The 

 custom of the country naturally varies with re- 

 gard to the kind of trees which are considered 

 to be timber. The oak, the elm, and the ash are 

 universally deemed to be such : beech is con- 

 sidered so in Buckinghamshire, birch in York- 

 shire, because it is generally used for buildings 

 of an inferior kind. Thus the chestnut, wal- 

 nut, lime, and others may, under similar cus- 

 toms, be considered timber. If pollards are 

 sound, it seems that they must be considered 

 as timber : this was the opinion of Chancellor 

 King. 



According to English common law, the 

 property of the tree is in the owner of the soil 

 on which it grows ; and though its roots may 

 extend into two estates, yet it belongs to the 

 owner of the land on which it was originally 

 planted or sown. Nurseries of young fruit 

 trees, raised for filling up orchards, cannot be 

 removed by the tenant, but a nurseryman may 

 do so. 



The tenant for life, without impeachment of 

 waste, of an estate, may cut down timber in a 

 husbandlike manner. But the Court of Chan- 

 cery will restrain such tenant from cutting 

 down underwood of an insufficient growth, or 

 ornamental or sheltering trees. But this shel- 

 ter or ornament is not to be construed to mean 

 extensive woods. 



By custom, but not by common law, the trees 

 growing on a copyhold estate may belong to 

 the lord. The copyholder is not guilty of 

 waste if he cut timber merely for necessary 

 repairs. Timber trees growing on the estates 

 of ecclesiastical corporations are to be devoted 

 to the repair of the church. And consequently 

 neither they nor their lessee can fell timber for 

 their own use. Neither can a mortgagor cut 

 down timber if the land without it is a scanty 

 security. But the Court of Chancery will not 

 restrain a mortgagor from cutting timber, 

 unless the security is insufficient without it. 

 Though the timber of the estate belongs to the 

 landlord, and also such trees as are likely to 

 become timber, yet the general property in 

 bushes and trees not timber is in the tenant ; 

 and, therefore, the landlord cannot maintain an 

 action of trespass against a stranger, for cut- 



1053 



