TREFALLOW. 



TUCKAHOE. 



ting bushes and thorns growing in a hedge, if i 

 the tenant afterwards assented. The tenant or } 

 lessee has no right to cut timber; and in an ; 

 action for waste the defendant cannot give in 

 evidence, even in mitigation of damages, that 

 the timber was cut for the purpose of neces- 

 sary repairs ; or, that after it was cut the tim- 

 ber was exchanged with the lessor's consent 

 for timber more fit for the purpose intended. 

 But he may cut timber without waste which 

 has been cut within 20 years ; and in Kent they 

 are in the habit of cutting trees of 26 or 28 

 years' growth. Windfalls belong to the lord, 

 and the Court of Chancery will, if necessary, 

 order it to be preserved for him who has the 

 first estate of inheritance in the land. See 

 BARK, FORESTS, NURSERY, TIMBER, &c. 



TREFALLOW. A local term, signifying to 

 plough land the third time before sowing. 



TREFOIL (Trifolium, from tres, three, and 

 folium, a leaf. Ail the species have trifoliate 

 leaves. The French call it trefle, and the Eng- 

 lish trefoil, or clover). An extensive and well- 

 known genus of herbaceous plants, natives of 

 cold or temperate climates, either perennial or 

 annual. Many of the species are highly im- 

 portant as food for cattle, either fresh or in the 

 state of hay, often acquiring a fragrant scent 

 in drying. The white, red, and yellow clover 

 are amongst the most valuable herbage plants 

 adopted in European agriculture. 



Lucern has been recommended as superior 

 to clover and sainfoin, and various other legu- 

 minous plants have been highly extolled ; yet 

 the red clover for mowing, and the white for 

 pasturage, far excel all other plants in these 

 respects. All the species thrive in common 

 garden soil, and many of them being very 

 showy are well suited for ornamenting the 

 flower border. The perennial kinds are rea- 

 dily increased by dividing the plants at the 

 roots in spring, or by seeds. See BIRU'S-FOOT 

 TREFOIL, CLOVER, and MELILOT. 



TREFOIL, THE MARSH. See BUCK-BEAX. 

 TRENCH PLOUGH. See PLOUGH. 

 TRENCHING. See SUBSOIL PLOUGHING. 

 TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM. A well- 

 known and much esteemed species of trefoil. 

 See CLOVER and TREFOIL. 



TRITICUM. See WHEAT-GRASS. 

 TRUFFLE (Tuber dbarinm}. A round fun- 

 gus growing under ground in many parts of 

 Southern Europe, destitute of roots and leafy 

 appendages. It absorbs nutriment at every 

 point on its surface. The truffle is composed 

 of globular vesicles, destined for the reproduc- 

 tion of the vegetable, and short, barren fila- 

 ments, called by Turpin tigcllules; and the re- 

 productive bodies, trufindks. Each globular 

 vesicle is fitted to give origin to a multitude of 

 reproductive bodies, but a few of them only 

 perfect the young vegetable. The parent dies ; 

 the trufinelles are nourished by its dissolving 

 substance, and the cavity it originally filled 

 becomes the abode of a multitude of young 

 truffles; but many of them die, the stronger 

 starving the weaker. As truffles spread over 

 a large space, it is difficult to say by what 

 means they progress. The truffle is one of the 

 most wholesome and nutritive of the esculent 

 fungi, and is generally discovered by means of 

 1054 



dogs, which are taught to scent it ; so that, on 

 smelling the truffle, they bark and scratch it 

 up. Truffles are highly esteemed at the tables 

 of the luxurious, where they are served up, 

 either roasted in a fresh state like potatoes, or 

 they are dried, shred, and dressed as ingredi- 

 ents in soups and ragouts. See TUCKAHOE. 



TRUSS. A bundle of hay, straw, &c. It 

 may be observed that in England a truss of 

 hay must contain 56 Ibs. or half a cwt. ; a truss 

 of straw 36 Ibs. : 36 trusses make a load. In 

 June, July, and August, a truss of new hay 

 must weigh 60 Ibs. See HAT and STRAW. 



TUCKAHOE. This curious vegetable is 

 sometimes known by the name of Indian bread, 

 or Indian loaf. It is found in the Southern 

 States on the Atlantic, and even as far north as 

 Kent county, Del. It is a natural production,, 

 the origin of which has greatly perplexed na- 

 turalists, as it is commonly found several feet 

 under the surface, and, like the truffle of Eu- 

 rope, has apparently no stem or leafy appendage 

 connecting it with the external atmosphere. 

 They are generally found through the instru- 

 mentality of hogs, whose acute sense of smell- 

 ing enables them to fix upon the spot where 

 they lie buried. They are usually of a glo- 

 bular or flattened oval shape, and rather regu- 

 lar surface, the large ones resembling some- 

 what a brown loaf of coarse bread. The size 

 varies from that of an acorn to the bigness of 

 a man's head. Clayton, the celebrated bota- 

 nist, was the first naturalist who has mentioned 

 the Tuckahoe. He gave it the Latin name of 

 Lycopcrdon solidu. (See his Flora Virginica.) In 

 May, 1817, Dr. Macbride, of Charleston, S. C., 

 communicated a memoir on the subject to the 

 New York Philosophical Society. Although 

 the tuckahoe is quite common in the Southern 

 and one or two of the Middle States, its natu- 

 ral history is still involved in much obscurity. 

 Its name in the Indian language is said to de- 

 signate bread, and is applied to certain edible 

 roots. Though sometimes found emerging 

 from the earth and exposing a small part of 

 the surface, it is generally met with 2 or 3 feet 

 below the soil. When first dug up, it is soft 

 enough to be easily cut with a knife, and of an 

 acrid taste. Its colour internally is white, like 

 that of the meat of the cocoa-nut, and its tex- 

 ture compact and homogeneous. It is covered 

 with a tough substance, strongly adhering to 

 the white parenchyma, of a dark brown colour, 

 and somewhat wrinkled. When dried, the in- 

 ternal substance becomes hard and loses its 

 acrimony, possessing very little taste or smell, 

 and capable of being reduced to powder with- 

 out difficulty. When examined by the mi- 

 croscope, the tuckahoe exhibits no fibres or 

 pores or any other indications of organization, 

 so easily detected in roots and other vegetable 

 productions of ordinary growth. Its substance 

 breaks as easily in one way as another, like a 

 lump of starch or chalk. From these charac- 

 teristics, together with the peculiar nature of 

 the bark or external covering, it has been 

 classed among the fungus tribe. In those parts 

 of the country, however, where the tuckahoe 

 most abounds, it is generally supposed to be 

 the root of a species of Convolvulus (Pandura- 

 **), called "the man of the earth:' But both 



