WARBLE. 



Cessfully employed in many kinds of work 

 chiefly in cabinet-making.' / 



The husk of the fruit yields a colour similar 

 to that which is obtained from the European 

 walnut. It is used in the country for dyeing 

 woollen stuffs. 



This tree has been long since introduced, in 

 England and France, into the gardens of the 

 lovers of foreign culture. It succeeds per- 

 fectly and yields fruit abundantly. Though 

 differing widely from the European species, it 

 bears a nearer resemblance to it than any 

 other American walnut. By comparing the 

 two species as to their utility 'in the arts and in 

 commerce, it will appear that' the wood of the 

 black walnut is more compact, heavier, and 

 much stronger; that it is susceptible of a finer 

 polish, and that it is not injured by worms; 

 qualities which, as has been seen, render it fit 

 not only for the same uses with the European, 

 but also for the larger works of architecture. 

 These considerations sufficiently evince that it 

 is a valuable tree, and that it is with great 

 reason that many proprietors in America have 

 spared it, in clearing their new lands. On high- 

 roads, I am of opinion that it might be chosen 

 to succeed the elm; for experience has proved, 

 that to-insure success ih the continued culti- 

 vation of trees or herbaceous plants on the 

 same soil, the practice must be varied with 

 species of different genera. 



Nuts of the European walnut and of the 

 black walnut have been planted at the same 

 time in the same soil ; those of the black wal- 

 nut are observed to shoot more vigorously, and 

 to grow in a given time to a greater height. 

 By grafting the European upon the American 

 species at the height of 8 or 10 feet, their ad- 

 vantages, with respect Jo the quality bath of 

 wood and of fruit, might be united. (Michuiu;) 



The second species of walnut, properly so 

 called, has been described under the head of 



BUTTKHNUT. 



WARBLE. . See BACK-SORK, GALLS, and 



SlTFAST. 



WARP. A slimy deposit or ooze left upon 

 land by the receding sea tides jn particular 

 situations. See ALLUVIUM and Winnwo. 



WARPING OF LAND. A mode of fertiliz- 

 ing and improving tillage lands practised in 

 particular situations on the borders of large 

 rivers and waters into which the sea tides flow, 

 and where the level of the ground is such as 

 to admit of their being flooded with great faci- 

 lity. The.practice is, for the most part, confined 

 to the districts situate on the coasts of Lincoln- 

 shire and Yorkshire. The water of the. tides 

 that conic up- the Trent, Ouze, Dun, and other 

 rivers which empty .themselves into the great 

 estuary of the Humber, is muddy to an excess ; 

 insomuch that in summer, if. a cylindrical 

 glass, 12 or 15 inches long, be filled with it, it 

 will presently deposit an inch, and sometimes 

 more, of what is called warp : a circumstance 

 which renders them so fertile. 



The fertility of Egypt, of the land bordering 

 on the shores of the Ganges, and some of the 

 large American rivers, I have already shown 

 to be attributable to the periodical overflowing 

 of the waters, which are surcharged with a 



WARPING OF LAND. 



large quantity of earthy substances which they 

 hold in solution. 



"The effect of warping is very different from 

 that of irrigation; for it is not the water that 

 works the effect, but the deposition of the mud, 

 so that in floods the business ceases, as also in 

 winter; and the object of this practice is not 

 to manure the soil, but to create it. The qua- 

 lity of the land intended to be warped is not 

 of the smallest consequence; a bog, clay, sand, 

 peat, or a barn floor, are all one ; as the warp 

 raises it in one summer from 6 to 16 inches 

 thick, and in the hollows, or low places, 2, 3, 

 or 4 feet, so as to leave the whole piece level. 

 Thus a soil of any depth you please is formed, 

 which consists of mud of a vast fertility, 

 though containing not much besides sand." 



This is a practice which is begun in the 

 month of July, and is proceeded with during 

 the summer season; and as it can only be 

 performed at that period, every occasion of 

 having it executed should be embraced, by 

 having the work in perfect repair, that every 

 tide may be made to produce its full effect 

 With regard to the advantage of doing this 

 work in the summer months, it may be re- 

 marked that at these times the lands not only 

 become the soonest dry, a circumstance which 

 must always fully take place before the pro- 

 cess of cultivation can be carried on, but the 

 tides are less mixed with fresh water, in which 

 situation they are constantly found the most 

 effectual. 



The method of executing the work is thus 

 described, in the Agricultural Survey of the Wett 

 Riding of Yorkshire, by Lord Hawke : 



* The land to be warped must be banked 

 round against the river. The banks are made 

 of the earth taken on the spot from; the land : 

 they must slope 6 feet, that is, 3 feet on each 

 side of the top or crown of the bank, for every 

 bot perpendicular of rise : their top or crown 

 s broader or narrower, according to the impe- 

 uosity of the tide and the weight and quantity 

 of water4 and it extends from 2 to 12 feet: 

 their height is regulated by the height to which 

 he spring tides flow, so as to exclude or let 

 hem in at pleasure. In these banks there are 

 more or fewer openings, according to the size 

 of the ground to be warped, and to the choice 

 of the occupier; but in general they have only 

 ,wo sluic.es, one called the flood-gate, to admit, 

 ;he other called the c/owg/i, to let off the water 

 gently; these are enough for 10 or 15 acres. 

 When the spring tide begins to ebb, the flood- 

 gate is opened to admit the tide, the clough 

 javing been previously shut by the weight of 

 he. water brought up the river by the flow of 

 he tide. As the tide .ebbs down the river, the 

 weight or pressure of water being taken from 

 the outside . of the" clough next the river, the 

 tide water that has been previously admitted 

 by the flood-gate opens the clough again, and 

 discharges itself slowly but completely through 

 it. The'cloughs-are walled on each side, and 

 so constructed as to let the water run off be- 

 tween the ebb of the tide admitted and the flow 

 of the next ; and to this point particular atten- 

 tion is paid. The flood-gates are placed so 

 high as only to let in the spring tides when 



