THE FARM AND FARM BUILDINGS. 489 



where a side hill will admit of its erection. The hay and grain 

 are drawn directly to the upper floor, and nearly all is pitched 

 downward. If properly arranged, the grain is all threshed on 

 this floor, and both grain and straw go downward ; the straw to 

 a stack or bay, and the grain through an opening into the 

 granary below. Hay is thrown down through shoots made for 

 this purpose, to the animals, and oats are drawn off through a 

 tube to the horse's manger. The cleanings of the horse stables 

 are cast through a trap-door into the manure heap in the base- 

 ment. These are the principal objects gained by such an 

 arrangement, and, as the labor of attendance must be repeated 

 perpetually, it is very plain how great the saving must be over 

 barns with only one floor, where hay, grain, manure, etc., have 

 to be carried many feet horizontally, or thrown upward. 



How to plan a Barn. The first thing the farmer should do, 

 who is about to erect a barn, is to ascertain what accommodations 

 he needs. How to determine the amount of space has already 

 been pointed out. He should next make a list of the different 

 apartments required, which he may select from the following, 

 comprising most of the objects usually sought : i. Bay or mow 

 for hay ; 2. Bay or mow for unthreshed grain ; 3. Bay or mow 

 for straw; 4. Threshing-floor; 5. Stable for horses; 6. Stable 

 for cattle and calf pens ; 7. Shelter for sheep ; 8. Root cel- 

 lar ; 9. Room for heavy tools and wagons ; 10. Manure sheds ; 

 ii. Granary; 12. Harness room; 13. Cisterns for rain water; 

 14. Space for hone power. 



If these are all placed on one level, care should be taken that 

 those parts oftenest used should be nearest of access to one 

 another, and that arrangements are made for drawing with a 

 cart or wagon in removing or depositing all heavy substances, 

 as hay, grain, and manure. In filling the barn, for example, 

 the wagon should go to the very spot where it is unloaded ; the 

 cart should pass in the rear of all stalls to carry off manure ; 

 and, if many animals are fed in stables, the hay should be carted 

 to the mangers, instead of doing all these labors by hand. If 

 there are only two stories in the barn, the basement should 

 contain: i. Stables for cattle; 2. Shelter for sheep; 3. Root 

 cellar; 4. Manure shed ; 5. Cistern; 6. Horse, power; 7. Coarse 

 tool room. The second floor should contain; i. Bays for hay 



