CART, 



CAST. 



of his hands only : whereas, in order to fill a 

 higher cart, not only the man's back, but his ! 

 arms and whole person must be exerted. To 

 the use of single horses in draught he has 

 heard no objection, unless it be the supposed 

 necessity of additional drivers created by it: 

 the fact, however, is, that it has no such effect; 

 for horses once in the habit of going singly, 

 will follow each other as uniformly and as 

 steadily as they do when harnessed together ; 

 and accordingly we see, says he, on the most 

 frequented roads in Ireland, men conducting 

 three, four, or five single-horse carts each, 

 without any inconvenience to the passengers : 

 such, likewise, is the case in England, in 

 which lime and coal are generally carried. 

 (Young's Ann. of A%r. vol. xxvii. p. 337.) And 

 he might likewise have added, the single-horse 

 carts in some of the northern counties, where 

 one man manages two or three, and sometimes 

 more. 



The subject of carts has recently eir_ r ajvl 

 the attention of the Royal Agricultural Society 

 of England. Mr. Baker of Gloucestershire, 

 says, in their Jonrn. vol. i. p. 429, My land is 

 on a stiff clay ; my carts are on six-inch wheels, 

 and made to hold half the quantity that my 

 neighbours carry in theirs. My hind is hilly; 

 my carts generally go with one horse; but up 

 hill, when loaded, another is put on before, 

 which comes down the hill with the next re- 

 turning cart. Thus, on a level ground, with 

 two carts, and two or perhaps with three h 

 I take out the same quantity of dunu that my 

 neighbours carry in their carts with never less 

 than three horses, and sometimes with four." 

 And in the Journ. of the Roy. . 7^r. >V. /*/' 

 vol. ii. p. 73, is I article by Mr. Han- 



nam of Burcott, illustrated by engravings of the 

 one-horse cart, and of a new one of his own 

 construction. "The counties of Cumberland 

 and Westmoreland," he observes, ' have uni- 

 versally and immemorially used the one-horse- 

 cart. They have no other carriage for any 

 kind of agricultural produce, and never is the 

 addition of another horse on any occasion 

 seen." The practice, apparently originating 

 in economy, has long since spread into Dum- 

 friesshire ; and, according to Mr. Wilkie of 

 Uddingston, it is all but universal at the present 

 moment throughout the west of Scotland. 

 "My dung-carts," he adds, "are taken from the 

 improved Cumberland cart, which measures 

 60 inches long X 47 inches wide X 17 inches 

 deep = 1 cubic yard = 21 bushels ; and it tilts 

 with a spring key-stick, which adjusts itself 

 as the horse moves forward ; the wheels are 

 about 4 feet 6 inches high, and are set so far 

 apart as to conveniently span two 27-inch 

 ridges ; it weighs 8 cwt." There are a variety 

 of carts peculiar to different counties, most of 

 vhich are described, and drawings given, in 

 Brit. Huf.b. vol. i. p. 159 ; from the heavy one- 

 horse cart of the vicinity of London, to the 

 light simple Irish or Yarmouth car, as well as 

 the improved car first introduced into Leices- 

 tershire by Bakewell. 



The carts of Pennsylvania are perhaps un- 

 surpassed in the United States for neatness 

 and strength. Either one, two, or three horses 

 are used, as circumstances may require, and 



broad or narrow wheels, but the former are 

 preferable for farmwork. 



CARTER. An inferior sort of farm servant, 

 who has the care of driving and foddering the 

 team. He should always be chosen as steady, 

 regular, sober, and trustworthy as possible, and 

 be perfectly gentle and humane in his disposi- 

 tion. It is of great importance to the farmer 

 to have a carter with these qualifications ; for 

 otherwise his horses may be ill-treated, ne- 

 glected, overworked, or overfed, and much 

 fodder wasted. (Brit. Husb. vol. i. p. 170.) Le- 

 onard Mascal, nearly two centuries since, told 

 the carter of his day to " have patience in mo- 

 derate useing of his horses; and at all other 

 times he ought to bear a love alwayes to his 

 cattel, that his cattel may love him, not fearing 

 him too much ; let him never use to beat them 

 with the stock of his whip, but whip them with 

 the lash, and use them to the sound thereof, 

 and yet not often for dulling of them." 



CARTHAMUS, or SAFFLOWER (Charth>t~ 

 mug tinctorius), an annual plant cultivated in 

 Spain, Egypt, and the Levant, for its flower, 

 which is used in dyeing silks, &c., and in 

 making rouge. See SAFFROX. 



c\Kr LODGE. A small outhouse for 

 sheltering carts from the weather. Fanners 

 should be very careful to place their carts, &c. 

 under proper shelter, when out of use, as they 

 will last much longer by this means than if 

 left exposed in the yard to the effects of the 

 weather; for, as they are thus sometimes wet, 

 and sometimes dry, they soon rot, and become 

 unfit for use. The dust and dirt should also 

 be constantly washed off before they are laid 

 up. There are some excellent observations on 

 the necessity of care in the preservation of 

 agricultural implements by Mr. Crosskill cf 

 Beverley. (Jwrn. of Roy. Agr. Soe. vol. ii. p. 

 150.) He advises that the implements should 

 all be placed under the care of one workman 

 on the farm, who should be encouraged to feel 

 a pride in showing his master's implements in 

 fine order. 



GARY'S CATTLE GAUGE. An instru- 

 ment made in the form and on the principle of 

 a 'slider rule, for ascertaining the weight of 

 live cattle, which is indicated in stones of 8 Ibs. 

 and 14 Ibs. (See Brit. Husb. vol. ii. foot note 

 at p. 393.) 



CASINGS. A provincial term, signifying 

 dried cow's dung, which is used in several 

 parts of England for fuel. 



CASK. A vessel of e,apacii}, for holding 

 different sorts of liquids, or other matters. 

 See BATIRKL. 



CASSAVA. See TAPIOCA. 

 CAST. A term applied to a swarm or flight 

 of bees (see BEES) ; and to poultry when they 

 lose their feathers or moult. It is also used to 

 denote the changing of the hair and hoofs of 

 horses. Horses cast or shed their hair at least 

 I once a year. Every spring they cast the win^ 

 ter coat, and gain a summer one ; and some- 

 times in the end of autumn they put on their 

 winter hair, in case they have been ill-fed, 

 curried, or clothed, or kept in a cold stable. 

 . Occasionally they cast their hoofs : when this 

 happens, let them be turned out mto a pas- 

 ture. 



z 2 26* 



