CAUSTIC. 



CELERY. 



best seed, though not in such qua.itity as those 

 of a looser texture. For the necessary treat- 

 ment, see BROCCOLI. The seed ripens in Sep- 

 tember, and the branches should be gathered 

 as soon as this occurs, and not allowed to re- 

 main until the whole is fit for collecting. The 

 seed remains, if carefully preserved, in a good 

 state fur use until it is three or four years old. 

 (G. l( r . Jithnsoii's Kitc!ien Gard.) 



CAUSTIC. In farriery, a substance which, 

 by its powerful operation, destroys the texture 

 of the part to which it is applied. Corrosive 

 sublimate is the best caustic ; but that requires 

 skilful hands, for it is a dangerous remedy ex- 

 cept in the hands of the veterinarian. Mix one 

 drachm of powdered verdigris witli one ounce 

 of basilicon ointment; apply this upon a piece 

 of tow: or a drachm of blue stone (sulphaU- of 

 copper), dissolved in one ounce of water may 

 be used; or lunar caustic in a quill maybe 

 rubbed on to the diseased part. 



CAUTERY, or CAUTING-IRON (Old Fr. 

 cautcrc). In farriery, a name given to a searing- 

 iron, which is made white hot, and used to de- 

 stroy fun nous flesh, <kc. 



CAVKsso.Y or CAVEZON (Fr.). In 

 horsemanship, a term applied to an apparatus 

 resembling the musrol, which is used in the 

 breaking of horses. From its funnation, it 

 binds and pinches the nose, and regul, 

 action of the animal to which it is applied. 



CAZZONS. A provincial word used to sig- 

 nify the dried dung of cattle for fuel. 



CEDARS. SeeCvr 



CEDARS OF LEBANON (Mies 

 This sovereign of the forest appears to have 

 been indigenous to Mount Lebanon : but at 

 what period it was first introduced into Eng- 

 land is not known. This noble tree is now so 

 well naturalized in England, that the seeds not 

 only ripen, but propagate themselves without 

 care or trouble. One of the cedars at Chiswick 

 measures 13 feet 4 inches in circumference, 

 and is 80 feet high ; but the largest now re- 

 maining on Lebanon is 9 feet in diameter, or 

 27 in circumference. Cedar wood is known 

 to be very durable; the ancients believed it to 

 be imperishable. But according to Mr. Drum- 

 mond Hay's observations at Tangier, the in- 

 destructible cedar wood is the ti nber of the 

 Sandarac tree (Thuja ar/iVu/ata). 



CEDAR, RED (Junipents I'irginiana). This 

 North American tree belonging to the junipers, 

 is the most common species of its genus in the 

 United States, and the only one which attains 

 a size adapting it to the useful arts. Next to 

 that found in Bermuda, it is the largest of the 

 junipers hitherto discovered. It is found along 

 the lands bordering the Atlantic, from Maine 

 to the extreme South, and even passing round 

 Cape Florida, shows itself beyond St. Bernard's 

 Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. In retiring from 

 the shore, it becomes gradually less common 

 and less vigorous, and in Virginia and the 

 more Southern States it is rare above tide- 

 water. Farther inland, it is seen only in the 

 form of a shrub in open, dry, sandy places. In 

 the most favourable situations along the 

 southern sea shore, it attains a height of 40 or 

 45 feet, with a diameter of 12 or 13 inches. 



The leaves are evergreen, numerously sub- ; 

 39 



divided, and when bruised diffuse a resinous, 

 aromatic odour. The seeds are small ovate 

 berries, bluish when ripe, and coated with a 

 whitish exudation. They arrive at pefection 

 in the beginning of the fall, and are greedily 

 devoured by cedar birds, robins, &c. If sown 

 immediately, the greater part of them will come 

 up the following spring; but they will not 

 shoot before the second year if they are kept 

 for several months. 



The wood is odorous, compact, fine-grained 

 and very light, though heavier and stronger 

 than that of the white cedar and cypress. To 

 these qualities it unites the still more precious 

 character of durability, and is consequently 

 highly esteemed for such purposes as require 

 it in an eminent degree. But as it is procured 

 with difficulty, and is every day becoming more 

 scarce, it is reserved exclusively for the most 

 important uses. The name of lied Cedar is 

 only applicable to the perfect wood, which is 

 of a bright tint ; the sap is perfectly white. The 

 nearer the red cedar grows to the sea and the 

 farther southward, the better is its wood. The 

 chief supply now comes from East Florida. 

 (Mirluni.r.) See CTPHK^S, ;i'nl Fut. 



CELA \ DIN I], COMMON (Chelidonium ma- 

 jus}. Celandine is a wild plant with large 

 leaves and bright yellow tli.wcrs. growing in 

 shaily places, waste and untillrd lands, and 

 ihu-ix.-ts, &c.. especially on a chalky soil, and 

 flowering from April through the summer. It 

 grows two feet high, and the stalks are round 

 and green. The leaves are large, long, and 

 deeply divided at the edges, and of a yellowish 

 green, standing two at each joint. The flowers 

 are small ; several together upon long foot- 

 stalks. Every part is brittle, and if >ou crush 

 the stalk or leaves an orange-coloured acrid 

 juice is expressed, which is medicinal. 



There are two species of celandine, or horned 

 P n WJ' found in the United States. The greater, 

 or common celandine, (C. wm/s), nas an ac- 

 rimonious juice of a saffron colour, which is 

 a popular remedy for warty excrescences, as 

 well as for ring- worms, tetter, the itch. &c. 



The fen celandine, (C. glaucum), or yellow- 

 horned poppy, flourishes in the sandy soil along 

 the sea and bay shores where it is quite orna- 

 mental. Its juice is said to be poisonous. 



CELERY (jZpium graveolens}. This is the 

 wild original of cultivated celery. The name 

 probably proceeded from apex, a tuft or crest, 

 which its umbels form). This class of plants 

 flourish best in a moist soil, friable, and rather 

 inclining to lightness ; it must be rich, and 

 that rather from prior application than the im- 

 mediate addition of manure ; celery and cele- 

 riac, however, appear benefited even by its 

 abundant application at the time of sowing 

 and planting. The parsleys, likewise, prefer 

 their soil to incline rather to dryness. For all 

 it must be deep, and all equally refuse to thrive 

 on a strong clayey soil. The situation they 

 thrive the most in is one that is as open and as 

 free from the influence of trees as possible. 

 The common parsley is the one that bears best 

 a confined or shady compartment. 



There are six varieties of celery in general 

 cultivation: the gigantic, the dwarf-curled, thn 

 common upright, red-stalked upngnt, giant ho* 

 2 c 2 305 



