COLT. 



COLZA. 



34 cows 

 17 heifers 



6 bulls 



4 bull calves 



61 head of cattle 



Guineas. 



4141 



1287 



1343 



713 



7484 



One 2 year old cow sold for - - - 331 



One 4 ... 300 



One 5 " M - 370 



One 1 " bull calf - 270 



One 4 " bull .... 621 



(Youatt on Cattle, p. 231 233.) 



Charles Colling, after his retirement from 

 business, resided at Croft, in the North Riding 

 of Yorkshire, where he died January 16, 1836, 

 aged 85. Robert Colling died in his 70th 

 year, at Barmpton, near Darlington, March 7, 

 1820. 



COLT (Sax. coir). A term applied to young 

 horses. See HOHSKS. 



COLT-EVIL. In farriery, a distemper to 

 which young horses are subject, consisting of 

 a swelling in the sheath. 



COLTS-FOOT, COMMON. (Tussilago far-. 

 faro). PI. 10, /. This is an herb of peculiar 

 growth, very common in England on chalky or 

 marly soil, in moist situations. It is mostly 

 found in fields that are over-cropped or ex- 

 hausted, and often severely exercises the pa- 

 tience of the farmer. It may be eradicated by 

 ploughing up the soil, carrying the plant away 

 when rooted out, and laying the fields down to 

 grass. The flowers rise in spring on stalks 

 six or eight inches high, round, large, and yel- 

 low, like the dandelion; their stalks being 

 thick, fleshy, scaly, and red coloured. Each 

 stalk supports one flower. When the flowers 

 have decayed, then the leaves appear on erect 

 furrowed footstalks, broad and cordate, lobed 

 and toothed, resembling the form of a horse's 

 foot, whence the name. They are green above, 

 and white and downy underneath. The leaves 

 are used medicinally, and they dry well. A 

 decoction of the leaves and roots, or a syrup 

 of the juice, is useful in coughs, whence the 

 generic name. The ancients inhaled the 

 smoke for the relief of coughs. 



There are two species of the colts-foot, butter- 

 bur, or Tussilago genus in the United States. 

 See Nnttall's Genera. The plant known in 

 Pennsylvania and some other Middle States 

 by the name of colts-foot is not of the same 

 genus, but an dsaruni. See GIXGER, WILD. 



COLZA. Though comparatively but little 

 cultivated in England, and hardly known in 

 the United States, colza is an article of im- 

 mense importance in French and Flemish hus- 

 bandry. It belongs to the cabbage family, and 

 is cultivated for its oily seed, which are crushed 

 and pressed for their oil, similar to flax-seed. 

 The oil is used to burn in lamps, and for a 

 great variety of useful purposes. The cake 

 left after pressing the seeds, like that of rape, 

 is an article regularly in the markets of Eng- 

 land, France, Germany, &c., being purchased 

 by farmers, who use it, either alone or mixed 

 with other substances, as food for cattle, or 

 to make into manure for various crops. In 

 France, Germany, and the Netherlands, the 

 cake is very often thrown into their urine-cis- 



ms, where it soon becomes a very valuable ma- 

 348 



terial for manure. The haulm, or stems, after 

 the seeds are thrashed off, is frequently burned 

 for the ashes, which are considered of treble 

 the value of other ashes employed as manure. 

 Two species of colza are cultivated in 

 France ; the one a biennial, sown in summer 

 or autumn, standing out all winter, and matur- 

 ing its growth and seed the following summer. 

 This is called winter colza, and is the llrassica 

 campestris of botanists. The other species, or 

 rather variety, is a spring crop, maturing its 

 seeds the same year, and is the Brassica amen- 

 sis of naturalists. Neither of these must be 

 confounded with rape, which the French term 

 navettc, and which is the Hrassica napus, being 

 the species most cultivated for similar purposes 

 in England. Whether the winter colza will 

 resist the intense cold of the winters in the 

 more northern states may be doubtful ; but 

 should it not, the spring colza (B.arvensis) will 

 doubtless succeed in any part of the United 

 States not favourable to the winter species. As 

 the plant may become of consequence to the 

 American agriculturist, we subjoin, from Dom- 

 basle's Farmer's Calendar, a description of the 

 French modes of managing the colza crops. 



It is generally considered indispensable that 

 the ground on which colza is sown should be 

 rich, light, new, well manured, and prepared 

 by much working. " Nevertheless," says Dom- 

 basle, "many years' experience has taught me 

 that, by pursuing a good system of culture, 

 very satisfactory crops may be procured from 

 light and gravelly soils. The plant is not 

 afraid of a slightly clayey soil, which, in fact, 

 is the one best adapted to it, provided this be 

 very light in its texture. It is indispensable 

 that the ground, of whatever nature its soil 

 may be, shall be perfectly well drained during 

 the winter, as frosts are fatal to colza in soils 

 which retain water." 



There are three methods of sowing colza : 

 1. Broad-cast; 2. In rows or drills; 3. In beds 

 for transplantation. The last method can onl 

 be pursued where labour and especially f 

 male labour is extremely cheap. The sowin 

 in rows is done by the use of drills, the lines 

 being placed about eighteen inches apart. This 

 method admits of hand-hoeing, and even the 

 use of the cultivator, to destroy weeds or 

 loosen the soil. When sown broad-cast, about 

 14 Ibs. of seed are required for one hectare 

 (equal to about 2 acres). Much less is re- 

 quired where sown by drills, when the seeds 

 are dropped about an inch apart in the direc- 

 tion of the rows. The sowing broad-cast or in 

 rows generally takes place from the middle of 

 July to the middle of August. When the plants 

 are picked from beds to be planted out, this is 

 | done in September or early in October, so 

 I that they may have time before winter to form 

 ! good roots. They are placed in holes dibbled 

 j by means of a planter with points from 9 to 12 

 inches apart, and so formed that a man makes 

 two rows at a time, whilst a second person 

 puts the plants in the holes, pressing the earth 

 well around them with his feet. Sometimes 

 rows are run with the plough, and two or three 

 women are employed after each plough, in dis- 

 tributing plants along the open furrow, which 

 is cov-red up by the plough in returning, 



