CUT. 



fallowed for, and one-half after a bastard fal- 

 low. He pays for this, however, no rent after 

 the 6th of April. He may plough for barley 

 and take half the crop, but not for any other 

 spring crop. 



Yorkshire. In this great county, the customs 

 vary with the Riding. In the W. R. the entry 

 is Old Candlemas, or New Year's day. In the 

 N. R. it is Lady-day : may go on to the land at 

 Candlemas, and into the house at May-day. 

 In the E. R. the entry is at Lady-day. In all 

 three Ridings a yearly tenancy is the most 

 common. 



In the N. R. the outgoing tenant sows his 

 wheat, and has an offgoing crop, which he 

 may either thrash himself, or sell to his suc- 

 cessor or to a stranger; but he cannot carry 

 away straw, but has barn and yard room to 

 consume it on the premises until the following 

 May-day twelvemonth. 



The outgoer, however, cannot in the last 

 year of his tenancy sow more than one-third 

 of his arable land; but that third he may sow 

 at whatever time and in whatever way he may 

 think proper ; for all the ground that he sows 

 he pays a corn standage, that is, rent, till har- 

 vest time : if he sows more than his propor- 

 tion, the incomer takes the crop, and the mea- 

 surement is very nicely calculated. The in- 

 comer enters at Candlemas to plough for his 

 spring crop and fallows : he takes the young 

 seeds. In the upper part of the West Riding, 

 the customs between the incomer and out^ner 

 are the same as in the north ; but below Aber- 

 ford the customs are quite different, being, as 

 the people say, a good ones to come out with, 

 but bad ones to enter upon." For there the 

 outgoer sows the wheat crop, which the in- 

 comer is obliged to pay for, together with the 

 grass-seeds, and tc pay for the tillage and half 

 tillage of those crops and on the turnips, and 

 for all the manure laid upon the lands, or alunit 

 the premises; the incomer who enters at Can- 

 dlemas has two and a half year's manure, and 

 one and a half year's tillage to pay for. In the 

 East Riding, the outgoer sows the wheat crop 

 and the spring corn, until Lady-day, and takes 

 what he sows as an offgoing crop along with 

 the wheat, paying no rent after Lady-day: he 

 must thrash them, however, on the premises, 

 and leave the manure. An incomer has here 

 only to pay for seeds. (Kennedy and Grainger 

 on Tenancy of Land.} See APPRAISEMENT. 



CUT. In farriery, a hurt or clean wound 

 made with any sharp-cutting instrument. The 

 way of treating such an accident is to bring 

 the two incised surfaces together, and bind 

 them up, if possible, with a little lint or tow, 

 without any balsams or spirituous applications 

 being used. 



CUT-WORM. In almost every section of 

 the United States, great complaints are annu- 

 ally made of green crops destroyed or injured, 

 more or less, by what is popularly termed the 

 cut-worm. The young Indian corn is an espe- 

 cial sufferer; but several other plants having 

 tender stems, such as beans and cabbages, are 

 liable to be cut off near the ground, or just be- 

 neath the surface, when beginning to grow. 

 As all such mischief is ascribed to the cut-icorm, 

 it might be inferred that an insect thus spoken 



CUT-WORM. 



of in the singular number would be well 

 known. And yet the opinions upon the sub- 

 ject of its identity, or how many species there 

 may exist, are various and conflicting. After 

 a toilsome search through many of the American 

 agricultural publications, Dr. Harris says he 

 became convinced that these insects and their 

 history are not yet well known to some of the 

 very persons who have suffered from their de- 

 predations. Various cut-worms, or more pro- 

 perly subterranean caterpillars, wire-worms, or 

 luli, grub-worms or the young of May-beetles, 

 and even spindle or bud-worms, or the young 

 of a species of moth called corn Gortymt, are 

 often confounded together or mistaken for each 

 other; sometimes their names are interchanged, 

 and sometimes the same name is given to each 

 and all of these different animals. Hence, the 

 remedies that are successful in some instances 

 are entirely useless in others. " The name of 

 cut-worm," says Dr. Harris, "seems originally 

 to have been given to certain caterpillars that live 

 in the ground about the roots of plants, but come 

 up in the night, and cut off and devour the 

 tender stems and lower leaves of young cab- 

 bages, beans, corn, and other herbaceous 

 pl.-int^. These subterranean caterpillars are 

 finally transformed to moths belonging to a 

 group which may be called agrotidians (Jlgro- 

 fiWtc/tf), from a word signifying rustic, or per- 

 taining to the fields. Some of these rustic 

 moths fly by day, and may be found in the 

 fields, especially in the autumn, sucking the 

 honey of tlou-ors ; others are on the wing only 

 at ni-^ht, and during the day lie concealed in 

 chinks of \valls and other dark places. Their 

 wings are nearly horizontal when closed, the 

 upper pair completely covering the lower 

 Willis, and often overlapping a little on their 

 inner edges, thus favouring these insects in 

 their attempts to obtain shelter and conceal- 

 ment. The thorax is slightly convex, but 

 smooth or not crested. The antennae of tha 

 males are generally beset with two rows of 

 short points, like fine teeth, on the under-side, 

 nearly to the tips. The fore-legs are often 

 quite spiny. Most of these moths come forth 

 in July and August, and soon afterwards lay 

 their eggs in the ground, in ploughed fields, 

 gardens, and meadows. In Europe it is found 

 that the eggs are hatched early in the autumn, 

 at which time the little subterranean caterpil 

 lars live chiefly on the roots and tender sprouts 

 of herbaceous plants. On the approach of 

 winter they descend deeper into the ground, 

 and, curling themselves up, remain in a torpid 

 state till the following spring, when they ascend 

 towards the surface, and renew their devasta- 

 tions. The caterpillars of the Agrotidians are 

 smooth, shining, naked, and dark-coloured, 

 with longitudinal pale and blackish stripes, 

 and a few black dots on each ring ; some of 

 them also have a shining, horny, black spot on 

 the top of the first ring. They are of a cylin- 

 drical form, tapering a little at each end, rather 

 thick in proportion to their length, and are pro- 

 vided with sixteen legs. They are changed to 

 chrysalids in the ground, without previously 

 making silken cocoons. The most destructive 

 kinds in Europe are the caterpillars of the coni 

 rustic or winter dart-moth (dgrotis segetum) the 



379 



