JURY. 



a berry, is a galbalus or succulent cone. It 

 requires two seasons to arrive at maturity. 

 The dwarf alpine juniper (/. nana) is a variety 

 of the communis. It grows upon lofty moun- 

 tains, and is, as its name implies, more humble 

 in its growth. These are the only indigenous 

 species. The tops and the fruit are used in 

 medicine as powerful diuretics. The former 

 have a bitter, turpentine flavour and colour ; 

 the fruit is sweetish, with an agreeable, some- 

 whai balsamic odour, depending upon a vola- 

 tile oil, and a peculiar saccharine matter ana- 

 logous to the sugar of the grape. The volatile 

 oil is contained in cells in the shells of the 

 seeds ; hence, in making infusion of juniper, 

 the seeds should be bruised. The infusion is 

 made with an ounce of the bruised fruit and a 

 pint of boiling distilled water. It is a useful 

 beverage in some kinds of dropsies. The red 

 cedar (/. Firginiana), is a hardy, handsome 

 evergreen, native of North America, with dark 

 foliage, producing a small blue berry-like fruit 

 in May. It frequently attains to the height of 

 a very lofty tree. See CEDAR, RED. 



JURY (from the Latin jurare, to swear). A 

 body of men sworn to decide a certain fact or 

 facts according to the evidence produced before 

 them. 



This noble institution, like many others as 

 dearly cherished by all lovers of freedom, com- 

 menced among the northern nations of Europe 

 at a very early period. The early notices of 

 this mode of trial remaining to us do not speak 

 of its institution : and, in truth, it most proba- 

 bly originated in some rude form or other as 

 soon as men began to dwell together in fixed 

 habitations. 



That trial by jury was employed by our 

 Saxon ancestors from time immemorial is very 

 certain, and over-industrious historians have 

 wasted much time in fruitless endeavours to 

 assign the honour of the first discoverer to the 

 real author. Thus Stiernhook (De Jure Sueo- 

 ni'm, 1. i. c. 4), ascribes the glory to Regner, 

 king of Denmark and Norway, who was the 

 contemporary of our Egbert. Archbishop Ni- 

 cholson carries the date of the invention hack 

 to Woden, the great captain, legislator, and god 

 of the Northernmen. 



Sir Edward Coke appears to have fancied 

 that there is something in the very number 

 twelve, in which the laws of God and man 

 seem to delight ; and he instances the twelve 

 judges, twelve counsellors of state, twelve to 

 wager the laws, twelve apostles, tribes, stones, 

 &c. (Coke on Littleton, s. 234 b.) 



Trial by jury is mentioned as early as the 

 reign of King Ethelred, but not as a novel in- 

 stitution. ( Welkins' Laws of the Anglo-Saxons, 

 117.) And in Magna Charta it is mentioned 

 more than once, and particularly ordained, 

 That no freeman shall be dispossessed of his 

 lands or goods, unless by the judgment of his 

 peers ; and amid all the long continued strug- 

 gles of Englishmen for the liberty of the sub- 

 ject (from the days of King John down to the 

 time of Fox and his declaration of the office 

 of juries in libel cases), the preservation of 

 the freedom of juries has ever been a darling 

 object with English patriots. 



KALE, SEA. 



K. 



KALE, SEA (Crambemaritima'), is found wild 

 on the seashore on the southwestern coast of 

 Great Britain, where the common people have 

 from time immemorial been in the practice of 

 watching when the shoots and leaf-stalks begin 

 to push up the sand and gravel, in March and 

 April, when they cut them off under ground, as 

 done with asparagus, and boil them as greens. 

 About the middle of the last century it was 

 first introduced into gardens, and is now al- 

 most as universal as asparagus. 



A light, moderately rich soil, on a dry sub- 

 stratum, suits it best; though in any dry soil 

 it will succeed. A bed may be composed for 

 it of one-half drift sand, one-third rich loam, 

 and one-third small gravel, road stuff, or coal 

 ashes ; if the loam is poor, a little well-rotted 

 dung or decayed leaves being added. The soil 

 must especially be deep, so that the roots can 

 penetrate without being immersed in water, 

 which invariably causes their decay. Mr. T. 

 Barton, of Bothwell Castle, has even found it 

 succeed well on a pretty strong loam that had 

 a loose bottom. The depth should not be less 

 than 2 feet ; and if not naturally deep, it should 

 be worked to it by trenching. ' If at all tena- 

 cious, this opportunity may be taken to mix 

 with it drift or sea sand, so as to reduce it to a 

 mouldy texture. If the soil be wet it must be 

 drained, so that water never shall stand within 

 three feet of the surface. If poor, well-putrified 

 dung must be added ; but decayed leaves are 

 preferable (Trans. Hort. Soc. Loud. vol. i. p. 17), 

 and sea-weed still more so. These precautions 

 must all be particularly attended to, for upon 

 the due richness and dryness of the soil not 

 only depend the luxuriance and delicate fla- 

 vour of the plants, but their very existence. 

 Common salt, as might be anticipated, is found 

 to be a very beneficial application, either ap- 

 plied dry, or by occasional waterings with a 

 solution containing 4 or 5 ounces in the gallon, 

 round every stool during the summer. As re- 

 gards the situation, it cannot be too open or 

 free from trees. Sea kale is propagated both 

 from seed and slips of the root; the first is by 

 far the best mode, for although it may be ob- 

 tained from slips with greater certainty, yet the 

 plants arising from seed are the strongest and 

 longest lived; whilst the failure of seed, which 

 is sometimes complained of, mostly arises 

 from its being old, buried too deep, or some 

 other extraneous cause. The seed may be in- 

 serted in drills from October, or as early in the 

 spring as the ground can be brought into good 

 condition. It is by much the best mode to 

 leave the plants where raised, and with that 

 intent, to guard against failure, inserting the 

 seed in patches of 6 or 12 seeds, each 6 inches 

 apart, and the patches 2 feet asunder. If, how- 

 ever, they are intended for transplanting, the 

 seed may be sown in drills 12 inches asunder; 

 in either case it must not be buried more than 

 2 inches below the surface ; and it is a good 

 practice, previous to inserting it, to bruise the 

 outer coat of the seed, without injuring its 

 vegetating power, as by this treatment the ger 



679 



