MALUS. 



MALUS. 



plied the varieties of this most excellent fruit, f 

 that it has now become of great national im- j 

 portance, affording an agreeable and whole- 

 some diet, in a thousand shapes, to all classes, j 

 Leonard Mascal was the first who introduced j 

 the common or cultivated apple into England, ] 

 about the year 1525. Some have fixed a date, 

 rather earlier. The varieties of the apple are 

 now so numerous that the London Horticultu- 

 ral Society's catalogue includes more than 

 1400. The apple, like most other hardy trees v 

 may be propagated by seeds, cuttings, suckers, 

 layers, or engrafting ; by seeds for obtain- 

 ing new varieties, and by the other modes 

 for extending the number of such as are in 

 esteem. 



Apples are wanted for many different pur- 

 poses. The followingxlTst, furnished by Mr. 

 Edward Tatnall, of Wilmington, Delaware, 

 will supply most of the requisitions of the 

 Middle States. 



1. For summer culinary use, even before they 

 are ripe: Codlin, Knowle's Early, Early Red- 

 streak, Summer Queen, Early Harvest. 



2. For summer eating. Knowle's Early, Early 

 Redstreak, Early Harvest, Primate, Early \ 

 Strawberry, Large Yellow Bough. 



3. Autumn cooking and baking. Maiden's 

 Blush, Rebecca, Fallowater, Smokehouse. 



4. For autumn table use. Rambo, Maiden's 

 Blush, Fallowater, Gravenstein, Rebecca, Por- 

 ter, Jenneting. 



6. Cider-making. Smith's Cider, Waugh's 

 Crab. 



6. Winter culinary use. Baldwin, Rhode 

 Island Greening, Roxbury Russet, Newtown 

 Spitzenberg, Roman Stem. 



7. Winter table use. Northern Spy, Baldwin, 

 R. I. Greening, Roman Stem, Wine Sap, Hub- 

 bardston Nonsuch. 



8. Spring culinary use. N Y. Golden Russet, 

 American Pippin. 



9. Spring table use. Northern Spy, Rawl's 

 Janet, Great White Vandervere or Indian 

 Apple. 



10. Early summer culinary and table use till re- 

 turn of new crop. American Pippin, English 

 Russet. 



In the extensive range of climate and soil 

 embraced in the U. S. it would be impossible 

 in this work to give a list of apples adapted 

 everywhere to general cultivation. The kinds 

 suited to northern situations, when removed 

 to southern latitudes, are found to be essen- 

 tially changed in their appearance and quali- 

 ties, and often so deteriorated as to be worth- 

 less, and vice versa. Every locality, therefore, 

 has been found with its special favorites, and 

 these are best determined by consulting the 

 books published by Kenrick, Downing, Thomas 

 Warder, and others, with the reports of Porno- 

 logical societies established in most of the 

 States. The general complaint is that varie- 

 ties successful at the North, ripen so early in 

 the Southern States, Lhat they fall off and 

 perish before winter. A fall apple in the 

 North will become a summer apple in the 

 South, and a winter apple in the North becomes 

 a fall apple in the South. 



Apples maybe regarded equally, ifnotmore, 

 rich in fat-producing products than potatoes. 

 760 



They are also richer in nitrogeneous or flesh- 

 forming elements. Dr. Salisbury, in the New 

 York State Agricultural Reports, Vol. IX. p. 

 737, gives in the following table a comparative 

 view of the organic and inorganic constituents 

 contained in the ripe apple, pear, peach, cherry, 

 and potato. 



Directions for the culture and management 

 of apple-trees. 



Tne seeds or pomace of the apple should be 

 sown in autumn in a rich soil. When the 

 young plants appear in spring, they should be 

 carefully thinned to the distance of 2 inches 

 asunder, and kept free from weeds by carefully 

 hoeing during the remainder of the season, or 

 till of sufficient size to be removed. 



At 1 or 2 years of age they are taken up, 

 their tap-roots shortened, that they may throw 

 out lateral roots; they are transferred to the 

 nursery, set in rows about 4 feet asunder, and 

 at 1 foot distance from each other in the row, 

 in a rich and loamy soil. In the summer fol- 

 lowing they are inoculated, or they are en- 

 grafted or inoculated the year following. 



Size and age for transplanting to the orchard. 

 An apple tree, when finally transplanted to the 

 orchard, ought to be at least 6 or 7 feet high, 

 with branches in proportion, and full 2 years 

 from the bud or graft, and thrifty. Apple trees 

 under this size belong properly only to the 

 nursery. 



Distance. The distance asunder to which 

 apple trees should be finally set, when trans- 

 planted to the orchard, depends upon the nature 

 of the soil, and the. cultivation to be subse- 

 quently given. If the soil is by nature extremely 

 fertile, 40 feet distance may be allowed, and 

 even 45 and 50 feet in some very extraordinary 

 situations ; for before the trees become old, 

 they will completely shade the ground. If, 

 however, the soil is not very extraordinary by 

 nature, or so rendered by art, this distance 

 would be too great ; for the trees would become 

 old, and their growth would be finished, before 

 the ground could be covered by their shadow: 

 30 feet only may therefore be allowed in land 

 usually denominated of good quality, and but 

 20 to 25 feet in land of ordinary quality. But 

 where economy of time, of land, and of all 

 things else is consulted, but one-half this di> 

 tance will answer for a series of years. 



The quincunx mode is recommended for 

 close arrangement, and short-lived trees may 

 be set in the intervals. 



The size to which an apple tree may attain, 



and the ground which should be allotted to it, 



depend also, in some measure, on the particu- 



i lar variety of apple ; some sorts being well 



