\TILATIOX. 



our cattle it about 100, or more than 40 higher 

 than the ordinary temperature of the climate ot 

 Knglnnd. Hence there must be some provision 

 in thr animal body to sustain the heat, which is 

 absolutely necessary for the performance of the 

 organic functions. The air, being so much colder 

 than the body, must constantly withdraw from 

 it heat, and tend to lower its temperature. 

 Whence, then, comes the fuel for the production 



"The fael consists of those ingredients of 

 food from which nitrogen is absent; they ali 

 contain carbon and the elements of water. We 

 know that oxygen is continually inhaled in the 

 breathe, and that it is never again expired 

 as such. Kxpired air consists of carbonic acid, 

 fM composed of carbon and oxygen. In the 

 body, therefore, the oxygen has united with car- 

 boa ; or it AM produced the very gas which is 

 A/MM*/ Ay bnming a fi*c* of cliarcoal in the open 

 Mr. Now the heat generated by the combustion 

 of the carbon in the body must be exactly equi- 

 valent to that produced by burning the same 

 amount in the atmosphere." 



riments have taught us, that the average 

 quantity of carbon in the food of an adult man 

 amounts to 14 ounces daily. By the combustion 

 of this quantity 197,477 of heat are produced, 

 and thu is amply sufficient to account for the 

 beat of the human body. 



The experiments of Boussingault show, that a 

 cow breathes oat about 70 ounces of carbon 

 md from this we calculate that 987,385 

 of beat must be produced in the body of a cow 

 in the space of twenty-four hours. These cal- 

 culations will at once prove that there is little 

 difficulty in accounting for the heat of the animal 

 body. 



Rut. as the heat of the animal body is the same 

 in all regions, it is obvious that the quantity of 

 ><xl) necessary to sustain the constant tem- 

 perature of the body must vary according to the 

 nature of the climate. Thus less food is required 

 for this purpose in India, where the temperature 

 of toe external air equals that of the body, than 

 in the polar regions, in which it is very many 

 iegrees lower. But a beneficent Providence has i 

 arranged the produce of different countries so as ' 

 to meet the exigencies of the climate. The i 

 fruits, upon which the inhabitants of warm coun- 

 tries love to feed, contain only 12 per cent, of i 

 carbon, while the train-oil enjoyed by the inha- ! 

 bitant* of arctic regions contains above 70 per ! 

 cent, of the same element. 



t has been shown that the food of various 

 countries is more or less combustible, according 

 to the temperature of the climate ; and proofs 

 were adduced that the amount of the food con- 

 aumed varied also according to the temperature. 

 The animal body is a furnace which must be 

 kept up to a certain heat in all climates. This 

 furnace must, therefore, be supplied with more 



Ueafuel according to the temperature of the 

 external air. If then in winter -we wish to 

 retain the vital functions of our cattle in a pro- 

 per degree of activity, we must keep up the 

 het of their bodies. This we may do in two 

 We may either add more fuel (food) to 



; furnace, or we may protect their bodies from 

 the cold. Warmth is an equivalent for food, 

 which may thus be economized. As a proof of 

 v I have now given, I will cite the fol- 

 Jowmg experiment, which was made by the Earl 

 ofPucieat Whitfield farm. 



VENTILATION. 



One hundred sheep were folded by tens in pens, 

 each of which was 22 feet in length by 10 feet 

 in breadth, and possessed a covered shed attached 

 to it of 12 feet in length by 10 feet in breadth. 

 They were kept in these from the 10th of Octo- 

 ber to the 10th of March. Each sheep consumed 

 on an average 20 Ibs. of swedes daily. Another 

 hundred were folded in pens of a similar size, 

 but without sheds attached. They were kept 

 during the same time, and their daily consump- 

 tion of swedes amounted to 25 Ibs. each. Here 

 th circumstances were precisely similar with 

 respect to exercise, the only difference being 

 that the first hundred sheep had sheds into which 

 they might retire, and thus be partially pro- 

 tected from the cold. 



This partial protection was equivalent to a 

 certain amount of food, and consequently we 

 find that the sheep enjoying this protection con- 

 sumed one-fifth less food than those sheep which 

 were left entirely exposed to the cold. In the 

 last case the consumption of the additional food 

 arose wholly from the necessity of adding more 

 fuel (food to the furnace of the body,) in order to 

 keep up its normal temperature. This was 

 proved from the circumstance, that those sheep 

 which enjoyed the protection had increased 3 

 Ibs. each more than those left unprotected, al- 

 though the latter had consumed one-fifth more 

 food. 



The influence of warmth in reducing the con- 

 sumption of food has been examined experimen- 

 tally by other farmers, who pretty well ajrree 

 in the conclusion, that warmth is, to a consider- 

 able extent, a substitute for food. It is true, 

 that in the experiments with sheep the results 

 have been somewhat discordant, but, as I have 

 elsewhere had occasion to remark, this has 

 arisen in many cases from inattention to other 

 injurious influences to which these animals were 

 exposed. Warmth is not only essential to their 

 health and fattening progress, but this must be 

 a dry and a wholesome warmth. To confine the 

 sheep, as is sometimes done, over putrefying 

 masses of fold, shed, or farm-yard dung, in an 

 atmosphere saturated with fumes of ammonia 

 and the gases of putrefaction, is to substitute 

 one drawback upon the health and comfort of 

 the animal for another, which produces a greater 

 evil than cold. The sheep, in a state of nature, 

 carefully avoids all these things; it leaves to 

 the ox the deep rank-growing grasses of the 

 damp lowland pastures. It carefully seeks its 

 food and its habitation on the highest elevations, 

 amid dry rocks and heath-producing soils, far 

 away from all great masses of decomposing 

 organic matter. The domestic sheep of our en- 

 closed lands, by always occupying the most ele- 

 vated portions of the field, clearly indicates that 

 its natural instinct in this respect is still un- 

 changed by all the efforts of the breeder. Fol- 

 low, then, the sheep from his upland pastures, 

 in the clear, dry, warm climate of Asia, and 

 view him placed in our cold temperature, in a 

 warm shed it is true, but with the floor of that 

 shed covered for a depth of many inches with a 

 mass of putrefying dung, and then let us ask 

 ourselves, Is thfs the way fairly to test the 

 advantages of shelter and of warmth to the do- 

 mestic sheep ? Is this the way to fairly try the 

 economy of raising the temperature of the atmo- 

 sphere in which it is placed ?" The Rev. A. 

 Huxtable saw this in its true light, when he 

 commenced his trials. He tells us, in his valua- 



