248 Air Churns. — Effects of Crossing on the Constitution. Vol. X. 



slight checks, continued to maintain an up- 

 ward tendency, until it reached present rates, 

 say 4.00 a 4.122 per hundred, with but a few 

 pigs on sale. The total receipts from the 

 Galena mines for the past five years, were 

 as follows : 



In 1841 463,404 pigs. 



1842 473,599 " 



1843 584,431 " 



1844 621,900 " 



1845 757,906 " 



Wlieat. — The crops of 1845 in this sec- 

 tion — embracing the States of Illinois and 

 Missouri, the territories of Iowa and Wis- 

 consin — have been remarkably good, better 

 both in quantity and quality than any crop 

 since 1842. The quantity produced the 

 past year in this section is, however, greatly 

 over estimated by some of the Eastern .pa- 

 pers — setting that of Illinois alone at eight 

 million bushels for export ! when the truth 

 is, the State did not produce this quantity. 

 The quantity of wheat received here this 

 season, up to the 1st inst, is 986,096 bush- 

 els, and at the same period last year 808,738 

 bushels. We predict a great demand for 

 this staple on the opening of navigation in 

 the spring, but at lower rates than have 

 been paid for some time past. This demand 

 will be principally from the Ohio river, as it 

 is now a well ascertained fact that the crop 

 of that State — Ohio — is very little over what 

 it was in 1844. The markets of Europe will 

 not begin iofeel the wanl of wheat and flour 

 till April or May, and by that time the ac- 

 tual deficiency of bread-stuffs in all the Con- 

 tinental markets will have developed itself 

 The quantity of wheat here is estimated by 

 some at 200,000 bushels! Our own opinion, 

 founded upon considerable inquiry, is that 

 there arc not over 70 or 80,000 bushels in 

 the market, including all in the millers' 

 hands, and we question whether true statis- 

 tics can make it over 50,000 bushels. The 

 comparative receipts for the past three years, 

 were as follows : 



Air Churn. 



The Bishop of Derry has invented an at- 

 mospheric churn. Instead of the present 

 unscientific mode of making butter by 

 churning, his Lord.'^hip accomplishes this 

 measure by the simpler manner of forcing 

 a full current of atmospheric air through the 

 cream, by means of an e.xceedingly well- 

 devised forcing pump. The air passes 

 through a glass tube connected with the 

 air-pump, descending nearly to the bottom 

 of the churn. The churn is of tin, and it 

 fits into another tin cylinder provided with 

 a funnel and stopcock, so as to heat the 

 cream to the necessary temperature. The 

 pump is worked by means of a wince, which 

 is not so laborious as the usual churn. In- 

 dependently of the happy application of sci- 

 ence to this important department of domes- 

 tic economy, in a practical point of view it 

 is extremely valuable. The milk is not 

 moved by a daslier, as in the common churn; 

 but the oxygen of the atmosphere is brought 

 into close contact with the cream, so as to 

 effect a full combination of the butyraceous 

 part, and to convert it all into butter. On 

 one occasion the churning was carried on 

 for tlie space of one hour and forty-five min- 

 utes, and eleven gallons of cream produced 

 26 lbs. of butter. 



Pork and Beef packing. — The season 

 opened late, and operations have been much 

 retarded by bad roads and the impassable 

 state of the river, checking the free arrival 

 of the raw material, yet some 12 a 14,000 

 hogs and 23 a 2500 beef cattle have been 

 packed, and from engagements already made, 

 it is estimated that the entire business of the 

 season will amount to near 25,000 hogs, and 

 6,000 head of beef. 



Effects of Crossing on the Consti- 

 tution. 



Those classes of the human race which 

 preserve their blood free from mixture with 

 strangers, while they have loss variety in 

 external appearance, and perhaps less va- 

 riety in the scope of mental capacity, than 

 those who cross and recross at pleasure, 

 liave more endurance in action, firmer at- 

 tachments to purposes, and less desultory 

 impetuosity. This is a physical truth. The 

 explanation of it is difficult; but it may be 

 illustrated and comprehended in some de- 

 gree by those who study the animal fabric, 

 and who are acquainted with the laws of 

 animal economy. In brute animals — horses, 

 sheep, and cattle — the mixture of different 

 races is observed to change the qualities, to 

 improve the beauty, and to enlarge the size; 

 it diminishes the hardiness and the security 

 of the physical health. In man, the mix- 

 ture of different races improves beauty, aug- 

 ments the volume of the bodily organs, and 

 even perhaps expands the sphere of intel- 

 lect. It diminishes the power of enduring 

 toil, and renders the habit more susceptible 

 to the causes of disease. — Jackson's Econo- 

 my of Animals. 



