142 HEPATIC^. 



and in most species somewhat complicate and bilobed (but never 

 divided to the veiy base, nor with capillary lobes), in a very few 

 species undivided or variable at the apex ; margins uniformly 

 plane or subincurved — never convex or recurved — mostly quite 

 entire, but in a few species toothed. Eeticulation in the typical 

 species lax and pellucid, in a few species denser and subopaque ; 

 cells often subquadrate; cell-walls mostly thin, rarely conspicuously 

 thickened at the angles ; cuticle smooth or scaberulous. 



Stipules much smaller than the leaves, and oftener undivided 

 at the apex, but in some species subdentate at the margin ; entirel}^ 

 absent from many species (except in the involucre, where they 

 exist in every Cepltalozid). Inflorescence dioicous or autoicous — 

 very rarely paroicous. Androecia amentiform, occupying the 

 whole, or only a part, of a branch, rarely terminal on the stem. 

 Bracts in many pairs, leafy (even where there are no stem-leaves), 

 bifid, uniformly raonandrous. 



Gynoecia capitate, usually seated on an abbreviated branch 

 (i.e., cladocarpous), but sometimes terminal on larger branches or 

 on the main stem (acrocarpous). Bracts much larger than the 

 subjacent leaves (where any exist on the same axis) tristichous, 

 i.e., with stipules added, even where absent from the rest of the 

 plant, and in three, or more amplexicaul rows ; all cloven 

 (usually bilobed, sometimes 3-5-lobed), and very often toothed 

 or subspinose ; cells elongate. Pistillidia about 20, shortish and 

 flask-shaped. Perianth free, usually very long and narrow and 

 elongate, reticulate like the bracts, fusiform, trigonous — rarely 

 with the angles varying from 3 to 5 or 6 in the same species, but, 

 whenever reduced to 3, with the third angle always postical, 

 mouth truncate, but usually constricted (from the angles becoming 

 more pronounced and plica3form at the apex), variously toothed, 

 ciliate, laciniate, or entire. Calyptra free (superior), with the 

 sterile pistillidia surrounding its base. Capsule on a long pedicel 

 (which at the calceolate base buries itself deeply in the fertile 

 branch), oblong or sub-cylindrical — usually about twice as long as 

 broad, but in the subgenus Cephalozidla often shorter, oblong- 

 globose- 4- vaived to the base ; capsule-walls of two layers of cells, 



