out. Most of them pass the winter in the pupa state, although some 

 probably winter as adults. 



REMEDIES. 



This is a very difficult insect to combat and many methods of 

 treatment both preventative and destructive have been tried with 

 varying results although the former class seems to be the more 

 practical. 



Closely encircling the stems of cauliflower or cabbage plants by tar 

 paper collars, which rest upon the ground has proven satisfactory 

 where practicable. These collars are six sided cards of tar paper 

 with a slit reaching to the center, and with a star shaped cut at the 

 center so that the card may accommodate itself to any sized stem 

 and still make a tight joint. 



The cards should be placed about the plants at the time of trans- 

 planting. Slip the stem to the center of the card, after which spread 

 the card out flat, and press the points formed by the star-shaped 

 cut snugly around the stem. Have the paper lie fiat on the ground 

 and do not have any dirt on top of it. 



For onions, radishes and turnips, carbolic acid emulsion has proven 

 to be quite effective. It is made by dissolving one pound of hard 

 soap in one gallon of boiling water and then adding one pint of 

 crude carbolic acid and churning immediately with a force pump or 

 syringe until it becomes quite thick and thoroughly emulsified. In 

 treating take one part of this standard emulsion and dilute it with 

 thirty parts of water. Begin treatment early, a day or two after the 

 plants are up, or in case of cabbage and cauliflower the day after 

 they are set out. A knapsack or a wheelbarrow sprayer may be 

 used in applying the emulsion on a large scale. 



Cauliflower and cabbage plants whose roots have been dipped in 

 a mixture of white hellebore one part, hot water two parts have 

 made an excellent showing. The mixture should be allowed to cool 

 and the plants emersed deep enough to also coat the lower part of 

 the stems. 



THE ONION MAGGOT. 



PJiorhia cepanwi (Meigen). 



This insect attacks the onion only, but is as destructive in its 

 sphere as is the cabbage maggot. When attacked, the leaves of the 

 onions become soft and often change to a yellowish color before 

 wilting. The life history of the onion maggot is very similar to that 

 of the cabbage maggot and the carbolic acid emulsion treatment as 

 given above will prove as effective as any. 



