In accordance with recent investigation it is considered more 

 accurate to measure tlie column of fat in a cream bottle from the 

 bottom of the meniscus (crescent) as indicated in the above cut. 

 Such observations as we have made confirm this. The writer prefers 

 to use only the 6 inch 30 per cent. Connecticut cream bottles taking 

 one-half the usual amount (9 grams) where the cream tests over 30 

 per cent. The use of 9 inch cream test bottles having a smaller 

 neck is increasing on account of the greater accuracy obtained. 



The reading should be made immediately, before the fat begins to 

 contract and settle, at a temperature of 120° to 140° Fahr. and the 

 reading is equivalent to percentage when the normal amount of 

 material (18 grams) is taken. Too rapid cooling of the samples 

 may be checked by setting the bottle into a vessel of water heated 

 to 130° Fahr. 



The column of fat should be a clear yellowish liquid with a 

 sharply defined upper and lower meniscus or crescent, with no white 

 curd or charred material in or below the fat and no bubbles or foam 

 on its surface. Discoloration of the fat and charring is due to 

 excessive acid action, which may be caused by too strong, too much 

 or too warm acid, too warm a sample or failure to mix at once, or 

 the action of some preservative, especially bichromate of potash. 



Light colored fat and the presence of undissolved curd may be 

 caused by too weak, too little or too cold acid, too cold a sample, 

 insufficient whirling or lack of proper heat, or the action of some 

 preservative, especially formalin. 



Bubbles or foam on the surface of the fat may be due to the use 

 of hard water containing carbonates or sometimes to excessive heat 

 in poorly constructed turbines. 



The contents of the test bottles should be shaken 



Care of out while hot to remove the deposit of lime sulfate, 



Glassware, rinsed with clean water to remove the acid which 



interferes with the cleaning action of the soap, 



cleaned with hot soap suds preferably made by using some strongly 



alkaline soap powder, rinsed with hot water and allowed to drain. 



