1858. 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



477 



red clay socketed and glazed pipe often seen, be- 

 ing formed of Jersey stone ware clay, well 

 ground and pressed through a strong machine at 

 an expense of great power, and burned in the 

 kiln until vitrified ; it is also glazed in the kiln 

 by vaporized Liverpool salt when the pipe is at 

 a white heat. These pipes are sold in Boston in 

 two-feet lengths at the following prices : 



No 1, plain Pipe. No. 2, Double Joint. No. 3, Elbow. 



2 inch, socketed lie ^ ft. I 6 inch, socketed 30c ^ ft. 



3 inch, " 14c F ft- 8 inch, " 45c ^ ft. 



4 inch, " 17c ^ ft. I 9 Inch, " 66c ^ ft. 



Sinch, " 23c ^ ft. 1 12 inch, " 90c ^ ft. 



Elbows and double joints, double price per foot. 

 The manufacturers of this article will make any 

 shape or size to order ; on account of the ease 

 with which this material can be worked, it can be 

 adapted to many useful purposes on a farm ; one 

 of which is in making "peep holes," by which to 

 examine tile drains. Another very useful pur- 

 pose is in conducting spring water to the house 

 and barn, for which is used a pipe of one inch 

 bore in two feet lengths, with separate collars. 

 This size is sold at 6 cents a foot, including col- 

 lars. It is capable of bearing the pressure of 150 

 feet head of water. 



No. 1 represents the Pipe. No. 2, the Collar. 



This form, viz., the cylindrical pipe with col- 

 lars, is, undoubtedly, the best for pipe tile, to be 

 used in underdraining. It is in extensive use in 

 England, and its manufacture is now begun in this 

 country. 



Water can get into the pipe-tile very freely at 

 the joints, as may be seen by a simple calculation. 

 It is impossible to place the ends so closely to- 

 gether, in laying, as to make a tight joint on ac- 

 count of roughness in the clay, twisting in burn- 

 ing, &c., and the opening thus made will usually 

 average about one-tenth of an inch on the whole 

 circumference, which is, on the inside of a 2 inch 

 tile, 6 inches, making six-tenths of a square inch 

 opening for the entrance of water at each joint. 

 In a lateral drain, 200 feet long, the tiles being 

 13 inches long, there will be 184 joints, each joint 

 having an opening of six-tenths square inch area, 

 — in 184 joints there is an aggregate area of 110 

 square inches ; the area of the opening at the end 

 of a 2 inch tile is about 3 inches. 1 10 square 

 inches inlet to 3 inches outlet; 37 times as much 

 water can flow in as can flow out. There is, then 

 no need for the water to go through the pores of 

 the tile, and the fact is, I think, quite fortunate, 

 for the passage of water through the pores would 

 in no case be sufficient to benefit the land to 

 much extent. I tried an experiment by stopping 

 one end of an ordinary drain pipe, and filling it 



with water ; at the end of 65 hours water still 

 stood in the pipe, three-fourths of an inch deep. 



How large an area a certain sized pipe will drain 

 is a question into which enters a great many ele- 

 ments ; among which are the following : Amount 

 of rainfall, per centage of evaporation, pervious- 

 ness of the soil, amount of drainage area beyond 

 that occupied by pipes, amount of fall which can 

 be given to the drain, friction of water with in- 

 side of pipe. It will be seen at once that it is 

 impossible to lay down an arbitrary rule for all 

 cases, though the area may be determined for 

 each case by itself. The practice of extracting 

 the square root of the drainage area in acres, to 

 find, roughly, the diameter in inches for the main 

 drain of any system, has been used in England. 

 The rainfall there is about two-thirds the amount 

 in New England, but the amount of evaporation 

 here is double the amount there. Again, in Eng- 

 land the fall of one inch, vertical depth, of wa- 

 ter would be considered a great rain ; here a rain- 

 fall of three or four inches, vertical depth, is not 

 uncommon. Other things are different in the 

 two countries, so that the rule if safe in England 

 might not be so here. In the average of condi- 

 tions in New England, I think the addition of 

 one inch to the result obtained by the English 

 rule would give a good diameter of pipe for the 

 work ; for instance, suppose 9 acres are to be 

 drained, square root of 9 is 3><1=4. 3 inch 

 pipe to drain 9 acres in Old England, 4 inch pipe 

 to drain 9 acres in New England ; but this result 

 is by no means safe for all cases. 



If space permitted, I would show, by calcula- 

 tion, what amount of water certain sizes of pipe, 

 under certain conditions could discharge. I will 

 give one result with a 2 inch pipe having the 

 least fall at which it is likely to be laid — i. e., 3 

 inches fall in 100 feet — velocity 0.895 feet per 

 second — will discharge eleven thousand four 

 hundred gallons a day. J. Herbert Shedd. 



Boston, Sept. 14, 1858. 



For the New England Farmer. 



FARMERS' SONS AS SCHOLARS. 



Mr. Editor : — For proof of the fact that the 

 laboring classes are endowed with an intellect of 

 a superior order, and that labor strengthens and 

 develops the mind, Ave have but to go into our 

 colleges and seminai-ies of learning, and tell me 

 if you please who stands first in scholastic de- 

 gree among his fellow-students, not only first in 

 his class, but also in the literary society to which 

 he belongs ? And also first in the estimation of 

 his instructors, and first in the love of all his 

 classmates ? Is it the youth who has grown up 

 from infancy to manhood ^Vithout ever feeling 

 that industry was an essential part of his educa- 

 tion, without feeling that he must needs labor 

 for a livelihood without ever knowing by experi- 

 ence the truth of the injunction, "In the sweat 

 of thy face shalt thou eat bread?" Is it the child 

 of wealthy parents who have spared neither 

 pains nor expense in the perfection of his educa- 

 tion, who have afforded him every facility possi- 

 ble in the w{^y of books and private instructors, 

 and have carefully trained him along the beaten 

 path of learning, from the primary school up to 

 the very doors of the college, and who take care 



